Table 4.
Eight-year changes in FI for participants grouped by percent use of diabetes medications across annual visits and by mean percent change in BMI over time, with adjustment for mean HbA1c across follow-up
| Diabetes control strategy | 8-year changes in FI | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Mean (95% CI) difference from reference | |
| Insulin | ||
| Never (N = 2,616) | 1.93 (0.27) | Reference |
| <50% (N = 749) | 3.85 (0.37) | 1.93 (1.29, 2.56) |
| ≥50% (N = 809) | 4.70 (0.37) | 2.77 (2.11, 3.44) |
| Metformin | ||
| Never (N = 866) | 3.21 (0.35) | Reference |
| <50% (N = 1,111) | 3.32 (0.32) | 0.11 (0.55, 1.63) |
| ≥50% (N = 2,197) | 2.23 (0.28) | −0.98 (−1.57, −0.40) |
| Other oral medications | ||
| Never (N = 269) | 2.77 (0.28) | Reference |
| <50% (N = 1,114) | 2.67 (0.32) | −0.10 (−0.62, 0.42) |
| ≥50% (N = 361) | 2.80 (0.45) | 0.04 (−0.79, 0.86) |
| No medications | ||
| Never (N = 2,940) | 2.79 (0.27) | Reference |
| <50% (N = 816) | 2.97 (0.62) | 0.18 (−0.41, 0.77) |
| ≥50% (N = 418) | 1.83 (0.45) | −0.96 (−1.78, −0.15) |
| Mean percent change in BMI over time | ||
| >5% gain (N = 338) | 6.05 (0.46) | Reference |
| −5% to 5% (N = 2,507) | 2.90 (0.27) | −3.14 (2.31, 3.78) |
| >5% loss (N = 1,329) | 1.41 (0.32) | −4.63 (3.73, 5.53) |