Table 1.
Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model Studies.
| Reference | Mouse Model | Age in Months | Neutrophil Detection | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baik et al. (9) | 5xFAD TG6799; B6SJL-Tg [APPSwF1Lon, PSEN*M146L* L286V]6799Vas/J stock no. 006554 |
8 | Allophycocyanin-conjugated Ly6G (GR-1) | Neutrophils were observed in the frontal cortex using flow cytometry. |
| 9 – 13 | 0.12 mg/kg Ly6C/G (GR-1) was IV injected right before imaging in the femoral vein | 2-photon in vivo microscopy found neutrophils in the parenchyma that originated from the blood. | ||
| Cruz Hernández et al. (10) | APP/PS1 B6.Cg-Tg(APPSwe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J; MMRRC stock no. 034832-JAX | 11 – 13 | anti-CD45, anti-CD11b, anti-Ly6G | Neutrophil concentration in the blood after anti-Ly6G treatment was monitored using flow cytometry. Neutrophil concentration decreased six hours after treatment. |
| Anti-Ly6G Alexa488 (0.1 mg/kg) was IV injected right before imaging in the tail vein | 2-photon in vivo microscopy found neutrophils in the cerebral cortex parenchyma. They were observed to migrate from the blood. | |||
| 5xFAD B6SJL-Tg(APPSwF1Lon,PSEN1*M146L*L286V)6799Vas/Mmjax; MMRRC Stock no. 34840-JAX | 5 – 6 | |||
| Zenaro et al. (11) | 5xFAD APP with Swedish, Florida, and London and PS1 with M146L, L286V And 3xTg-AD PS1(M146V), ßAPP (Swedish) and tau (P301L) And 3xTg-AD PS1(M146V), ßAPP (Swedish) and tau (P301L) with Itgal-/- |
2 – 8 and 4 – 10 |
anti-CD45, anti-CD11b, anti-Ly6G, anti-Ly6G | Whole brain homogenate was used to quantify neutrophil concentration by flow cytometry. The concentration of neutrophils was decreased in 3xTg-AD Itgal-/- and mice treated with an anti-Ly6G antibody. |
| CMTPX or CMAC | 2-photon in vivo microscopy found neutrophils in the cortex and parenchyma. Neutrophils were observed migrating directional into the brain with noticeable velocity or with low motility and swarm behavior. | |||
| 5xFAD APP with Swedish, Florida, and London and PS1 with M146L, L286V And 3xTg-AD PS1(M146V), ßAPP (Swedish) and tau (P301L) |
2 – 8 and 4 – 10 |
Ly6G and CD45 (fluorescent) | Confocal microscopy discovered neutrophils in the choroid plexus, hippocampus, and the vessels of the meninges and cortex. They were observed to migrate from the blood. |
|
| Smyth et al. (12) | APP/PS1 (APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo, MMRRC stock No:34832-JAX | 4 and 12 | MPO, S100A8, and CD66B | An increase in neutrophils in AD brains was observed using Zeiss Axio Imager and an automated fluorescence microscope. |
| Kong et al. (13) | 3xTG B6;129-Psen1tm1MpmTg(APPSwe,tauP301L) 1Lfa/Mmjax | 12 | Ga-PEG-cFLFLFK | Increased neutrophil infiltration in the brains of Tg mice was observed using PET Imaging. |