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. 2023 Mar 3;13:1023441. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1023441

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Copyright © 2023 Fourati, Dumay, Roy, Willemetz, Ribeiro-Parenti, Mauras, Mayeur, Thomas, Kapel, Joly, Le Gall, Bado and Le Beyec

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Analysis of the fecal microbiota bacterial composition and derived-metabolites, in the Sham and SBS rats with or without FMT. (A) Alpha diversity of observed species estimated by observed OTUs counts and Shannon indices in the microbiota of Sham (blue, n=6) and Sham-FMT (purple, n=6) or SBS (orange, n=7) and SBS-FMT (pink, n=8) rats and inocula (black, n=3); Data are represented as mean ± SD and significant differences between groups were determined using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc tests *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ns: p>0.05). (B, C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of bacterial β-diversity within Sham rats (blue, n=6), Sham-FMT rats (purple, n=6) and inocula (black, n=3) (B) and SBS rats (orange, n=7), SBS-FMT rats (pink, n=8) and inocula (black n=3) (C) using Jaccard and Bray-Curtis distance plots; P-value were determined using PERMANOVA test (Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance Using Distance Matrices). (D) Distribution and abundance of the 7 most abundant bacterial phyla among the 4 groups of rats (Sham (blue), Sham-FMT (purple), SBS (orange), SBS-FMT (pink) and in the inocula (black) determined by the relative proportion of 16S rRNA reads. Data are represented as mean ± SD and a Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare groups. (E) Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) integrated with effect size (LEfSe). Cladogram of differentially abundant taxa in Sham-FMT (n=6) vs. Sham (n=6) and SBS-FMT (n=8) vs. SBS (n=7). The LDA score indicates the effect size and ranking of each differentially abundant taxon; p<0.01 for LDA score >2.0. Bacterial groups of interest are underlined and highlighted with asterisks in the figure (F) Lactate concentrations in the feces of Sham (blue, n=6), Sham-FMT (purple, n=6), SBS (orange, n=8), and SBS-FMT (pink, n=8) rats; (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ns, p>0.05). (G) Proportions of the main SCFA (butyrate, propionate, acetate and isobutyrate) in the feces of Sham (n=6), Sham-FMT (n=6), SBS (n=8), and SBS-FMT (n=8) rats. (H) Correlation diagrams between food intake and the proportion of Lactobacillaceae in the fecal microbiota at day 15 for all Sham rats (blue and purple) (Spearman r =+0.32, p =0.310, n=12) or all SBS rats (orange and pink) (Spearman r= +0.70 p<0.01, n=15).