Table 1.
A summary of the inspiration sources of bionic materials.
| Bionic model | The inspiration for the bionics | Characteristic | Mechanism and progress of preparing biomimetic materials | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insects | The piercing-sucking mouthparts of mosquitoes | Serrated microstructures. The mosquito mouthparts are inserted into the skin through the vibration of the mosquito head. | 1. Transdermal drug delivery or other purposes; 2. Adjusting the insertion angle of the microneedle based on the structure of the eagle claw. |
[26,[36], [37], [38], [39], [40]] |
| Geckos | Gecko bristles | Van der Waals forces, a combination of complex macroscopic, microscopic, and nano-mediated multistage structures in gecko bristles. | 1. The adhesion model based on the cylindrical fiber hypothesis; 2. The flexibility of the fiber; 3. The asymmetric design of bristles; 4. Optimized models of scraper geometry in normal and mixed stripping modes. |
[41,42,[52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58]] |
| Barnacles | Barnacle cement proteins (BCPs) | A unique combination and arrangement of natural amino acids, self-assemble into nanofibers. | 1. Noncovalent interactions; 2. The microstructure is similar to the nanofiber network of the thrombus microstructure; 3. An enzymatic model of cement polymerization in barnacles; 4. Environment. |
[24,60,69,70,[72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81]] |
| Jellyfish | Collagen | Substances with good biocompatibility, higher biodegradability, lower antigenicity, and cell-binding properties that can be degraded into physiologically tolerable compounds in vivo. | Mucins extracted from natural sources. | [86,89,91] |
| Andrias davidianus | The skin secretion of Andrias davidianus (SSAD) | Proteins, amino acids, mucopolysaccharides, and antimicrobial peptides. | Extracting the skin secretions of Andrias davidianus. | [[93], [94], [95],97,98] |
| Invertebrates | Chitin | As a deacetylated chitin, CS has good biocompatibility and biodegradability, broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance, hemostasis, non-toxic, and easy processing. | 1. Unique hemostatic properties; 2. Reduce scar tissue formation, thus achieving good epithelial reformation. |
[99,102,105,108,[114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121]] |
| Marine mussels | Mussel adhesion protein (MAP) | The amino acid modification 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) | PDA | [123,124,134,147,148] |
| Sandcastle worms | Phragmatopoma cement proteins (Pc) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). | 1. Complex condensation model 2. Separate the opposite charges into different polymers and the high density of phosphate sidechains |
1. Besides a change in amino acid composition or single amino acid change, the final biphasic porous structure and transformation from liquid to solid after secretion, as well as the cellular sorting and packaging processes, control the overall strength and toughness of granulated sandcastle glue. 2. Electrostatic contact between analog polyelectrolytes and divalent cations induces the formation of colloidal nano-complexes in a process analogous to coacervation at the molecular level. |
[22,[135], [136], [137], [138],[143], [144], [145], [146]] |