. 2023 Mar 3;14:1015227. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1015227

Table 4.

Results of mediation analyses.

Model	Outcome	Group	Significant predictors of outcome
			Phon → Hag	Speed → Hag	Speed → WM	WM → Hag	Phon-Speed
M1	All	No covariates	0.79^***	−0.01	−0.49^***	−0.22^**	0.25^**
M1a		Covariates	0.62^***	−0.05	−0.39^***	−0.19^*	0.23^**
M2	4T	No covariates	0.78^***	−0.05	−0.49^***	−0.29^***	0.25^**
M2a		Covariates	0.59^***	−0.10	−0.39^***	−0.26^**	0.24^**
M3	SSN	No covariates	0.80^***	0.02	−0.49^***	−0.18^*	0.25^**
M3a		Covariates	0.66^***	−0.03	−0.39^***	−0.14	0.23^**
M4	50	No covariates	0.81^***	0.02	−0.49^***	−0.19^*	0.25^**
M4a		Covariates	0.66^***	0.02	−0.39^***	−0.16^*	0.23^**
M5	80	No covariates	0.71^***	−0.09	−0.49^***	−0.31^***	0.25^**
M5a		Covariates	0.50^***	−0.16	−0.40^***	−0.27^**	0.25^**
M6	4T50	No covariates	0.81^***	−0.01	−0.49^***	−0.25^**	0.25^**
M6a		Covariates	0.64^***	−0.04	−0.39^***	−0.22^*	0.22^**
M7	4T80	No covariates	0.71^***	−0.16	−0.49^***	−0.40^***	0.27^**
M7a		Covariates	0.49^***	−0.23^**	−0.40^***	−0.36^***	0.25^**
M8	SSN50	No covariates	0.82^***	0.02	−0.49^***	−0.16	0.25^**
M8a		Covariates	0.69^***	−0.02	−0.39^***	−0.12	0.23^**
M9	SSN80	No covariates	0.72^***	−0.02	−0.49^***	−0.22^*	0.26^**
M9a		Covariates	0.52^***	−0.09	−0.39^***	−0.18	0.24^**

Note 1: Phon = Phonology, Hag = Hagerman. Note 2: Age was a significant covariate in all models for Hagerman, WM, and Speed. PTA was a significant covariate in all models for Hagerman and phonetics. Bold indicates significance.

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01;

^***

p < 0.001.