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. 2023 Mar 17;12:20. doi: 10.1186/s40249-023-01073-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Diagnosis of cryptococcal infections. India ink microscopy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, and detection of cryptococcal antigen in serum or CSF are three protocols for diagnosis of cryptococcal infections. India ink microscopy remains the primary diagnostic tool for identifying Cryptococcus in CSF. CSF fungal culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. The detection of cryptococcal antigens, the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), is a very sensitive, specific, and effective test to detect cryptococcal infections. The antigen test was mainly performed through the Latex agglutination test (LAT), Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and Lateral flow assay (LFA).