Table 2. Ongoing sham-controlled RCTs (as of June 2022).

Trial, NCT*	Catheter system	Design, (randomisation ratio)	Sample size	Inclusion criteria	Primary efficacy outcome	Estimated trial completion
SPYRAL HTN-ON MED Expansion, NCT02439775	Symplicity Spyral (multi-electrode RF)	Bayesian adaptive design, RDN vs sham (1:1)	340	Uncontrolled office and 24-hour BP on 1-3 antihypertensive drugs	Change in 24-hour SBP at 6 months	2026
RADIANCE II, NCT03614260	Paradise (US)	RDN vs sham (1:1)	225	Uncontrolled stage II hypertension (office and daytime ambulatory BP) in absence of antihypertensive drugs	Change in daytime ambulatory SBP at 2 months	2022
TARGET BP OFF-MED, NCT03503773	Peregrine (ethanol injection via microneedles)	RDN vs sham (1:1)	90	Uncontrolled office and 24-hour BP in absence of antihypertensive drugs	Change in 24-hour ambulatory SBP at 2 months	2023
TARGET BP I, NCT02910414	Peregrine (ethanol injection via microneedles)	RDN vs sham (1:1)	300	Uncontrolled office and 24-hour BP on 2-5 antihypertensive drugs	Change in ambulatory 24-hour SBP at 3 months	2025
*NCTs found at ClinicalTrials.gov. BP: blood pressure; RDN: renal denervation; RF: radiofrequency; SBP: systolic blood pressure; US: ultrasound