Table 3.
Structural Equation Model (SEM) Covariation Results
| Analyzed variables | Coefficients and significance† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grocery | Other items | Food | |||||
| Enjoy browsing | In-store/restaurant fun | 0.49 | *** | 0.46 | *** | 0.48 | *** |
| Pre-pandemic in-store frequency | Pre-pandemic online frequency | −0.08 | *** | 0.13 | *** | 0.09 | *** |
| ATS | Pre-pandemic in-store frequency | 0.09 | *** | 0.02 | 0.13 | *** | |
| ATS | Pre-pandemic online frequency | −0.21 | *** | −0.07 | *** | −0.21 | *** |
| Initial change in in-store frequency | Initial change in online frequency | −0.25 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.11 | *** |
| Expected future change in in-store frequency | Expected future change in online frequency | −0.01 | 0.10 | *** | 0.11 | *** | |
Note: ATS = attitudes toward shopping.
†
Significance level: ‘***’p-value < 0.01; ‘**’p-value < 0.05; ‘*’p-value ≤ 0.1; ‘’p-value > 0.1.