Table 1.

CFD parameters and approximations applied for the bioreactor system.

Temperature (°C)	37
Pressure (Pa)	101 325
Gravitational constant (m s−2)	−9.81
Fluid	Water
Flow type	Laminar and turbulent
Wall thermal condition	Adiabatic
Boundary conditions	Inlet and outlet at a uniform flow rate
Mesh	Global mesh refinement: 4 local mesh refinement: 5
Porous media
Porosity	0.81
Permeability type	Isotropic
Resistance calculation formula	$k=\frac{32\mu }{\epsilon \delta D^2}$
Pore size (µm)	25 µm