Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Characteristic | Total (n = 1078) | No-Shunt Group (n = 835) | Shunt Group (n = 243) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD), y | 49.3 (13.7) | 49.4 (13.4) | 49.1 (14.5) | 0.71 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 589 (54.6) | 466 (55.8) | 123 (50.6) | 0.164 |
| Study period, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| 1995–2002 | 134 (12.4) | 87 (10.4) | 47 (19.3) | |
| 2003–2010 | 696 (64.6) | 551 (66.0) | 145 (59.7) | |
| 2011–2017 | 248 (23.0) | 197 (23.6) | 51 (21.0) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.60 | |||
| Never | 705 (65.4) | 548 (65.6) | 157 (64.6) | |
| Former | 254 (23.6) | 199 (23.8) | 55 (22.6) | |
| Current | 119 (11.0) | 88 (10.5) | 31 (12.8) | |
| Stroke/TIA before closure, n (%) | 0.37 | |||
| Stroke | 807 (74.9) | 627 (75.1) | 180 (74.1) | |
| TIA | 218 (20.2) | 171 (20.5) | 47 (19.3) | |
| Stroke + TIA | 53 (4.9) | 37 (4.4) | 16 (6.6) | |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Hypercoagulability | 470 (43.6) | 369 (44.2) | 101 (41.6) | 0.51 |
| Atrial septal aneurysm | 303 (28.1) | 225 (26.9) | 78 (32.1) | 0.124 |
| Hypermobile septum | 254 (23.6) | 187 (22.4) | 67 (27.6) | 0.103 |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 56 (5.2) | 44 (5.3) | 12 (4.9) | 1.00 |
| May-Thurner anatomy | 187 (17.3) | 146 (17.5) | 41 (16.9) | 0.92 |
| Hypertension | 285 (26.4) | 227 (27.2) | 58 (23.9) | 0.32 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 317 (29.4) | 255 (30.5) | 62 (25.5) | 0.150 |
| Diabetes | 65 (6.0) | 48 (5.7) | 17 (7.0) | 0.45 |
| Coronary artery disease | 63 (5.8) | 48 (5.7) | 15 (6.2) | 0.76 |
| Myocardial infarction | 9 (0.8) | 7 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 1.00 |
| Migraine | 215 (19.9) | 174 (20.8) | 41 (16.9) | 0.20 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | 0.32 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 10 (0.9) | 6 (0.7) | 4 (1.6) | 0.25 |
| Medication on discharge, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 1007 (93.4) | 775 (92.8) | 232 (95.5) | 0.185 |
| Clopidogrel | 96 (8.9) | 79 (9.5) | 17 (7.0) | 0.25 |
| Warfarin | 0.80 | |||
| Short-term | 188 (17.4) | 143 (17.1) | 45 (18.5) | 0.63 |
| Long-term | 99 (9.2) | 79 (9.5) | 20 (8.2) | 0.62 |
| Apixaban | 4 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1.00 |
| Dabigatran | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0.40 |
| Rivaroxaban | 6 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | 1.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 46 (4.3) | 40 (4.8) | 6 (2.5) | 0.32 |
| 0–30 d | 25 (2.3) | 22 (2.6) | 3 (1.2) | 0.33 |
| After 30 d | 21 (1.9) | 18 (2.2) | 3 (1.2) | 0.44 |
| Death, n (%) | 37 (3.4) | 28 (3.4) | 9 (3.7) | 0.84 |
TIA = transient ischemic attack.