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. 2023 Mar 17;30(7):973–984. doi: 10.1038/s41417-023-00604-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — A Divalent peptide library screening based on peptide3A5 sequences. The binding affinities to TLR4/MD-2 complex were determined using an ELISA-based assay. Data are shown as mean ± SD. B Eight candidates were tested using a competitive inhibitory assay. C The structures of the identified S100A8 inhibitory peptides are shown. Amino hexanoic acid (U) was used as a spacer. D The binding affinities of ILVIK derivatives to TLR4/MD-2 complex. E Monovalent, divalent, tetravalent, ILVIK peptides were tested using a competitive inhibitory assay. Data are shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 compared with TLR4/MD-2/S100A8. F TLR4/MD-2 binding to immobilized tetravalent ILVIK. After blocking for nonspecific binding, the TLR4/MD-2 proteins were added with various concentrations. One representative out of three independent experiment is shown. G Divalent ILVIK peptide inhibits tumor growth in SW480-transplanted xenograft models. Tumor volumes for individual mice were determined at the indicated time points. Divalent ILVIK peptide was administered at various concentrations every 3 days. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 compared with Control. H Tetravalent ILVIK peptide inhibits tumor growth in SW480-transplanted xenograft models. Tumor volumes for individual mice were determined at the indicated time points. Tetravalent peptide was administered at various concentrations every 3 days. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 compared with Control. I The possible mechanism(s) which involved in multivalent S100A8 inhibitory peptides. In this study, we developed divalent peptide3A5, divalent ILVIK, and tetravalent ILVIK, which are S100A8 competitive inhibitors against TLR4/MD-2 complex. These peptides suppress the induction of cytokines/chemokines in both tumor cells and macrophages, which would involve in anti-tumor activity by multivalent S100A8 inhibitory peptides.