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. 2023 Feb 8;3(2):e0000758. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000758

Table 2. Summary descriptive statistics for household socio-demographic characteristics.

Variables Description of the indicators Pooled (n = 229) Shivamogga (n = 157) Wayanad (n = 72)
n % Mean (SD) n % Mean (SD) n % Mean (SD)
Perceived vulnerability Household worried about contracting KFD 101 44.1 - 65 41.4 36 50 -
Household not at all worried about contracting KFD 128 55.9 - 92 58.6 36 50 -
Coping capacity Household demonstrates capacity to adapt 34 14.8 - 1 98.6 -
Household demonstrates no capacity to adapt 195 85.2 - 71 1.4 -
Disease history Outbreak history of area Number of outbreaks (village) events reported from 2014 to 2018(continuous) - - 12.32 (20.53) - - 11.46(21.05) - - 14.19(19.36)
Ecological Variables Forest change Proportion of forest loss (continuous) - - 0.398 (0.27) - - 0.41 (0.28) - - 0.37 (0.25)
Elevation Elevation (continuous) - - 691.86 (12.81) - - 674.8 (120.8) - - 726.9 (119.6)
Demographic variables Age of Head (years) Age (in years) of the household head continuous) - - 54.28 (13.85) - - 57.56 (13.77) - - 47.13 (11.14)
15–24 years 2 0.9 - 1 0.6 - 1 1.4 -
25–64 years 169 73.8 - 102 65 67 93.1 -
65+ years (elderly) 58 25.3 - 54 34.4 - 4 5.6 -
Household size Current number of people recognised as household members (continuous) - - 3.86 (1.11) - - 3.70 (1.12) - - 4.19 (1.00)
Sex (gender) Women 72 31.4 - 39 25 - 33 46.8 -
Men 157 69.6 - 118 75.2 - 39 52.2 -
Education level No formal education 68 29.7 - 48 30.6 - 20 27.8 -
Primary 56 24.5 - 36 22.9 - 20 27.8 -
Middle 25 10.9 - 20 12.7 - 5 6.9 -
Matriculation/Secondary 45 19.7 - 33 21.0 - 12 16.7 -
Higher secondary 19 8.3 - 9 5.7 - 10 13.9 -
Technical Diploma 2 0.9 - - - - 2 2.8 -
Graduate and above 14 6.1 - 11 7.0 - 3 4.2 -
Family member involved in agriculture Total number of household members directly involved in agriculture-based activity (continuous) - - 1.64 (1.02) - - 1.87 (1.01) - - 1.14 (0.84)
Social stratification (caste) Scheduled caste 11 4.8 - 8 5.1 - 3 4.2 -
Scheduled tribe 48 20.9 - 26 16.5 - 22 30.5 -
Other Backward Caste (OBC) 134 58.5 - 117 74.5 - 17 23.6 -
Other (Upper caste) 36 15.7 - 6 3.8 - 30 41.7 -
Cooking energy source Household uses fuelwood as primary cooking energy source 199 86.9 - 139 88.5 - 60 83.3 -
Household has an alternative cooking energy source 30 13.1 - 18 11.5 - 12 16.7 -
Household sanitation Household has access to sanitary facility (toilet) 219 95.6 - 148 94.3 - 71 98.6 -
Household without access to a sanitary facility 10 4.4 - 9 5.7 - 1 1.4 -
Livelihood activity Occupation Agriculture-based 130 56.8 - 106 67.5 - 24 33.3 -
Unemployed 49 21.4 - 36 23 - 13 18.1 -
Non-agriculture based 50 21.8 - 36 23 13 18.1 -
Direct coping measures KFD Vaccination history 1 if any household member have been vaccinated against KFD in the last 1 year; 0 if otherwise 107 46.7 - 93 59.2 - 14 19.4 -
Tick prevention measures Household adopt measures to prevent tick bites 87 38.0 - 70 44.6 - 17 23.6 -
Household does not adopt any measures to prevent tick bites 142 62.0 - 87 55.4 55 76.4 -
Household members employ tick prevention measures on animals 80 34.9 -- 64 40.8 16 22.2 -
Household members do not employ any kind of tick prevention measures on animals 149 65.1 -- 93 59.2 - 55 76.4 -
Economic capability (Financial asset) Alternative income source Household has alternative sources of income 82 35.8 - 76 48.4 - 6 8.3 -
Household has no alternative income source 147 64.2 - 81 51.6 - 66 91.7 -
Poverty status Below poverty line (BPL) 185 80.8 - 139 88.5 - 46 63.9 -
Above poverty line (APL) 44 19.2 - 18 11.5 - 26 36.1
Natural asset Access to land Household owns land 164 71.6 106 67.5 - 58 80.6 -
Household has no access to land 65 28.4 51 32.5 14 19.4 -
Livestock holding Household total livestock holding in tropical livestock units (proxy for household wealth) (continuous) - - 2.71 (3.36) - - 3.57 (3.65) - - 0.83 (1.33)
Human resource capability (asset) Household dependent ratio Total number of dependents in household - - 0.66 (0.83) - - 0.73 (0.87) - - 0.51 (0.71)
Disease Information access Household has access to a mobile phone 182 79.5 - 123 78.3 - 59 81.9 -
Household has no access to a mobile phone 47 20.5 - 34 21.7 - 13 18.1 -
knowledge on KFD High (% with aggregate score of 4 or 5) 49 21.4 - 44 28.0 - 5 6.9 -
Medium (% with aggregate score of 2 or 3) 62 27.1 - 49 31.2 - 13 18.1
Low (% with aggregate score of 1) 35 15.3 - 20 12.7 - 15 20.8 -
Null (% with aggregate score of 0) 83 36.2 - 44 28.0 - 39 54.2
Social capability (Social asset) Socio-political status Household head or member(s) has position within the local socio-political hierarchy 42 18.3 - 11 7.0 - 31 43.1 -
No household members has position within the local socio-political hierarchy 187 81.7 - 146 93.0 - 41 56.9 -
Institutional capability (Physical factors) Access to nearest PHC Distance to nearest Primary Health Centre (PHC) (in kilometres) (continuous) - - 4.91 (3.47) - - 5.20 (3.71) - - 4.29 (2.80)
Access to nearest private hospital Distance to nearest private hospital (kilometres) (continuous) - - 11.20 (10.79) - - 11.55 (12.59) - - 10.44 (5.04)
Proximity to forest reserve Distance to nearest forest reserve (kilometres) (continuous) - - 3.71 (6.53) - - 1.60 (2.58) - - 8.31 (9.53)
Proximity to main road Distance to nearest main road (kilometres) (continuous) - - 1.51 (8.02) - - 1.17 (1.63) - - 2.28 (14.14)
Location Location Household resides in Shivamogga district 157 68.6 - - - - - - -
Household resides in Wayanad 72 31.4 - - - - - -