Table 4. Analysis of predictive factors: Geographical and sociodemographic characteristics.
Xpert-positive study case | Crude odds ratio | Model 1: Random effect logit model with all variables (adjusted odds ratio) | Model 2: Random effect logit model with variables with p<0.05 in crude analysis (adjusted odds ratio) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Participants | Rate per 100 000 population | Odds ratio | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | p-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | p-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | p-value | ||
Stratum | Region | 149 | 30 407 | 490.0 | 1.36 | 1.02 | 1.82 | 0.038 | 1.12 | 0.71 | 1.75 | 0.633 | 1.09 | 0.70 | 1.71 | 0.703 |
State | 65 | 18 045 | 360.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Yangon | 108 | 17 694 | 610.4 | 1.70 | 1.25 | 2.31 | 0.001 | 1.46 | 0.89 | 2.37 | 0.130 | 1.41 | 0.87 | 2.28 | 0.161 | |
Rural/urban | Rural | 186 | 42 157 | 441.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
Urban | 136 | 23 989 | 566.9 | 1.29 | 1.03 | 1.61 | 0.026 | 1.23 | 0.87 | 1.73 | 0.244 | 1.19 | 0.85 | 1.65 | 0.307 | |
Sex | Female | 86 | 38 369 | 224.1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
Male | 236 | 27 777 | 849.6 | 3.81 | 2.98 | 4.89 | 0.000 | 2.59 | 1.89 | 3.56 | 0.000 | 2.53 | 1.86 | 3.45 | 0.000 | |
Age group | 15‒24 | 24 | 13 641 | 175.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
25‒34 | 37 | 13 109 | 282.2 | 1.61 | 0.96 | 2.69 | 0.071 | 1.49 | 0.88 | 2.50 | 0.135 | 1.49 | 0.89 | 2.51 | 0.131 | |
35‒44 | 59 | 12 536 | 470.6 | 2.68 | 1.67 | 4.31 | 0.000 | 2.49 | 1.54 | 4.03 | 0.000 | 2.51 | 1.55 | 4.05 | 0.000 | |
45‒54 | 58 | 11 421 | 507.8 | 2.90 | 1.80 | 4.66 | 0.000 | 2.68 | 1.65 | 4.35 | 0.000 | 2.70 | 1.67 | 4.38 | 0.000 | |
55‒64 | 69 | 8 424 | 819.1 | 4.69 | 2.94 | 7.46 | 0.000 | 4.29 | 2.66 | 6.92 | 0.000 | 4.34 | 2.70 | 6.98 | 0.000 | |
65+ | 75 | 7 015 | 1 069.1 | 6.13 | 3.87 | 9.72 | 0.000 | 5.94 | 3.67 | 9.61 | 0.000 | 6.07 | 3.77 | 9.78 | 0.000 | |
Religion | Non-Buddhist | 14 | 4 582 | 305.5 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Buddhist | 308 | 61 564 | 500.3 | 1.64 | 0.96 | 2.81 | 0.071 | 1.28 | 0.69 | 2.36 | 0.439 | |||||
Ethnicity | Non-Burmese | 75 | 20 732 | 361.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
Burmese | 247 | 45 414 | 543.9 | 1.51 | 1.16 | 1.95 | 0.002 | 1.32 | 0.90 | 1.94 | 0.160 | 1.36 | 0.95 | 1.97 | 0.096 | |
Education | Literate | 297 | 61 439 | 483.4 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Illiterate | 25 | 4 707 | 531.1 | 1.10 | 0.73 | 1.66 | 0.650 | 1.23 | 0.79 | 1.93 | 0.362 | |||||
Occupation1 | Non-farmer | 245 | 51 816 | 472.8 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Farmer | 77 | 14 330 | 537.3 | 1.14 | 0.88 | 1.47 | 0.326 | 1.02 | 0.75 | 1.39 | 0.907 | |||||
Previous treatment | No | 305 | 63,240 | 482.3 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Yes | 17 | 2 906 | 585.0 | 1.21 | 0.74 | 1.98 | 0.437 | 0.86 | 0.52 | 1.42 | 0.556 | |||||
Contact2 | No | 296 | 63 214 | 468.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
Yes | 26 | 2 932 | 886.8 | 1.90 | 1.27 | 2.84 | 0.002 | 1.83 | 1.21 | 2.76 | 0.004 | 1.83 | 1.21 | 2.76 | 0.004 | |
Smoking | Never smoked | 125 | 48 368 | 258.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
Ex-smoker | 35 | 3 596 | 973.3 | 3.79 | 2.60 | 5.53 | 0.000 | 1.49 | 0.98 | 2.25 | 0.060 | 1.48 | 0.98 | 2.23 | 0.064 | |
Current smoker | 162 | 14 182 | 1 142.3 | 4.46 | 3.53 | 5.64 | 0.000 | 2.42 | 1.84 | 3.18 | 0.000 | 2.44 | 1.86 | 3.21 | 0.000 | |
Alcohol | Never drank | 179 | 51 608 | 346.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
Ex-drinker | 47 | 3 500 | 1 342.9 | 3.91 | 2.83 | 5.40 | 0.000 | 1.15 | 0.80 | 1.66 | 0.456 | 1.14 | 0.79 | 1.65 | 0.476 | |
Current drinker | 96 | 11 038 | 869.7 | 2.52 | 1.97 | 3.23 | 0.000 | 1.13 | 0.84 | 1.54 | 0.415 | 1.14 | 0.84 | 1.54 | 0.408 | |
Symptom | No symptom | 169 | 49 455 | 341.7 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Any TB symptom | 108 | 15 057 | 717.3 | 2.10 | 1.65 | 2.67 | 0.000 | 1.63 | 1.25 | 2.13 | 0.000 | |||||
Cough ≥2 weeks | 45 | 1 314 | 3 424.7 | 10.02 | 7.18 | 13.99 | 0.000 | 3.04 | 2.07 | 4.47 | 0.000 | |||||
Central CXR | Normal/abnormal, not eligible for sputum examination | 9 | 58 143 | 15.5 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
Active/possible TB | 306 | 2 757 | 11 099.0 | 717.03 | 369.14 | 1 392.81 | 0.000 | 564.60 | 289.76 | 1100.13 | 0.000 | |||||
Healed TB/other abnormality | 7 | 2 697 | 259.5 | 16.77 | 6.24 | 45.06 | 0.000 | 12.05 | 4.46 | 32.56 | 0.000 | |||||
BMI | <15.0 | 25 | 1 009 | 2 477.7 | 5.72 | 3.74 | 8.76 | 0.000 | 2.02 | 1.24 | 3.28 | 0.005 | ||||
15.0‒18.4 | 117 | 10 171 | 1 150.3 | 2.66 | 2.09 | 3.37 | 0.000 | 1.61 | 1.24 | 2.09 | 0.000 | |||||
18.5‒24.9 | 163 | 37 659 | 432.8 | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||
25.0‒29.9 | 15 | 12 658 | 118.5 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.000 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.67 | 0.001 | |||||
30.0+ | 2 | 4 278 | 46.8 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.002 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.018 |
1 Farmer includes those engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry, fishing and hunting.
2 History of contact with TB patient in the last 2 years.
Abbreviations: UL–Upper limit; LL–Lower limit.