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. 2022 Jun 14;2(6):e0000588. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000588

Table 4. Analysis of predictive factors: Geographical and sociodemographic characteristics.

Xpert-positive study case Crude odds ratio Model 1: Random effect logit model with all variables (adjusted odds ratio) Model 2: Random effect logit model with variables with p<0.05 in crude analysis (adjusted odds ratio)
Cases Participants Rate per 100 000 population Odds ratio 95% CI LL 95% CI UL p-value Odds ratio 95% CI LL 95% CI UL p-value Odds ratio 95% CI LL 95% CI UL p-value
Stratum Region 149 30 407 490.0 1.36 1.02 1.82 0.038 1.12 0.71 1.75 0.633 1.09 0.70 1.71 0.703
State 65 18 045 360.2 Reference Reference Reference
Yangon 108 17 694 610.4 1.70 1.25 2.31 0.001 1.46 0.89 2.37 0.130 1.41 0.87 2.28 0.161
Rural/urban Rural 186 42 157 441.2 Reference Reference Reference
Urban 136 23 989 566.9 1.29 1.03 1.61 0.026 1.23 0.87 1.73 0.244 1.19 0.85 1.65 0.307
Sex Female 86 38 369 224.1 Reference Reference Reference
Male 236 27 777 849.6 3.81 2.98 4.89 0.000 2.59 1.89 3.56 0.000 2.53 1.86 3.45 0.000
Age group 15‒24 24 13 641 175.9 Reference Reference Reference
25‒34 37 13 109 282.2 1.61 0.96 2.69 0.071 1.49 0.88 2.50 0.135 1.49 0.89 2.51 0.131
35‒44 59 12 536 470.6 2.68 1.67 4.31 0.000 2.49 1.54 4.03 0.000 2.51 1.55 4.05 0.000
45‒54 58 11 421 507.8 2.90 1.80 4.66 0.000 2.68 1.65 4.35 0.000 2.70 1.67 4.38 0.000
55‒64 69 8 424 819.1 4.69 2.94 7.46 0.000 4.29 2.66 6.92 0.000 4.34 2.70 6.98 0.000
65+ 75 7 015 1 069.1 6.13 3.87 9.72 0.000 5.94 3.67 9.61 0.000 6.07 3.77 9.78 0.000
Religion Non-Buddhist 14 4 582 305.5 Reference Reference
Buddhist 308 61 564 500.3 1.64 0.96 2.81 0.071 1.28 0.69 2.36 0.439
Ethnicity Non-Burmese 75 20 732 361.8 Reference Reference Reference
Burmese 247 45 414 543.9 1.51 1.16 1.95 0.002 1.32 0.90 1.94 0.160 1.36 0.95 1.97 0.096
Education Literate 297 61 439 483.4 Reference Reference
Illiterate 25 4 707 531.1 1.10 0.73 1.66 0.650 1.23 0.79 1.93 0.362
Occupation1 Non-farmer 245 51 816 472.8 Reference Reference
Farmer 77 14 330 537.3 1.14 0.88 1.47 0.326 1.02 0.75 1.39 0.907
Previous treatment No 305 63,240 482.3 Reference Reference
Yes 17 2 906 585.0 1.21 0.74 1.98 0.437 0.86 0.52 1.42 0.556
Contact2 No 296 63 214 468.3 Reference Reference Reference
Yes 26 2 932 886.8 1.90 1.27 2.84 0.002 1.83 1.21 2.76 0.004 1.83 1.21 2.76 0.004
Smoking Never smoked 125 48 368 258.4 Reference Reference Reference
Ex-smoker 35 3 596 973.3 3.79 2.60 5.53 0.000 1.49 0.98 2.25 0.060 1.48 0.98 2.23 0.064
Current smoker 162 14 182 1 142.3 4.46 3.53 5.64 0.000 2.42 1.84 3.18 0.000 2.44 1.86 3.21 0.000
Alcohol Never drank 179 51 608 346.8 Reference Reference Reference
Ex-drinker 47 3 500 1 342.9 3.91 2.83 5.40 0.000 1.15 0.80 1.66 0.456 1.14 0.79 1.65 0.476
Current drinker 96 11 038 869.7 2.52 1.97 3.23 0.000 1.13 0.84 1.54 0.415 1.14 0.84 1.54 0.408
Symptom No symptom 169 49 455 341.7 Reference Reference
Any TB symptom 108 15 057 717.3 2.10 1.65 2.67 0.000 1.63 1.25 2.13 0.000
Cough ≥2 weeks 45 1 314 3 424.7 10.02 7.18 13.99 0.000 3.04 2.07 4.47 0.000
Central CXR Normal/abnormal, not eligible for sputum examination 9 58 143 15.5 Reference Reference
Active/possible TB 306 2 757 11 099.0 717.03 369.14 1 392.81 0.000 564.60 289.76 1100.13 0.000
Healed TB/other abnormality 7 2 697 259.5 16.77 6.24 45.06 0.000 12.05 4.46 32.56 0.000
BMI <15.0 25 1 009 2 477.7 5.72 3.74 8.76 0.000 2.02 1.24 3.28 0.005
15.0‒18.4 117 10 171 1 150.3 2.66 2.09 3.37 0.000 1.61 1.24 2.09 0.000
18.5‒24.9 163 37 659 432.8 Reference Reference
25.0‒29.9 15 12 658 118.5 0.27 0.16 0.46 0.000 0.39 0.22 0.67 0.001
30.0+ 2 4 278 46.8 0.11 0.03 0.44 0.002 0.18 0.04 0.75 0.018

1 Farmer includes those engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry, fishing and hunting.

2 History of contact with TB patient in the last 2 years.

Abbreviations: UL–Upper limit; LL–Lower limit.