Table 4. Cost estimates for country-level pandemic preparedness across sources, reported in billions of 2021 USD.
McKinsey and IHR costing estimates are rounded to the nearest billion. Note that these results do not include estimates from WHO or McKinsey for capacity building at the regional or global level in addition to the country level; McKinsey findings estimate that "73% percent [of total costs] would take place at the country level"[3].
| Source | Cost estimates by year | Total costs over 5 years | Assumptions and items costed | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | |||
| McKinsey | $31–47 B | $31–47 B | $15-37B | $15-37B | $15-37B | $106–204 B | Incorporates global activities including “achieve global immunization”, collection of complete vital statistics data, developing and scaling of vaccine manufacturing including universal flu vaccine development and other drug development |
| WHO (low & middle income countries) |
$30·8 B | $16·2 B | $16·2 B | $16·2 B | $16·2 B | $95·6 B | Incorporate policy and coordination, taxes and subsidies, regulations and legislation, information collection and research, communication and population services. |
| IHR Costing Tool | $33 B | $20 B | $22 B | $24 B | $24 B | $124 B | Incorporate policy and coordination, regulations and legislation, information collection and research, veterinary services, biosafety and biosecurity, and communication and population services. |