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(a) Schematic of the hybrid ionic path device. (Inset) Fluorescent imaging of simultaneous ion depletion and enrichment on the same side of the AEM membrane. The image is taken from the bottom of the cross-channel, with Vd = −15 V and Vg = −3 V. (b) Temporal evolution of cross-channel current Id with different Vg’s (−1, −1.5, and −2 V), approaching a different steady-state current for different Vg’s. Vd = −20 V in all three experiments.
