Table 3. Characteristics of effective interventions.
| Effective interventions that contributed to improving: | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All2 | Access to services | Quality of care | Demand for services | Resilience to shocks | ||||||
| Mainly3 | All2 | Mainly3 | All2 | Mainly3 | All2 | Mainly3 | All2 | |||
| Effective interventions | n = 495 | n = 193 | n = 374 | n = 193 | n = 349 | n = 39 | n = 191 | n = 30 | n = 67 | |
| Element of health systems | n (% column)1 | |||||||||
| Tangible software | 451 (91.1) | 185 (95.9) | 343 (91.7) | 18 (93.3) | 327 (93.7) | 37 (94.9) | 181 (94.8) | 27 (90.0) | 62 (92.5) | |
| Service delivery processes | 401 (81.0) | 166 (86.0) | 310 (82.9) | 169 (87.6) | 303 (86.8) | 31 (79.5) | 167 (87.4) | 24 (80.0) | 51 (76.1) | |
| Health governance processes | 188 (38.0) | 76 (39.4) | 156 (41.7) | 76 (39.4) | 144 (41.3) | 16 (41.0) | 97 (50.8) | 15 (50.0) | 39 (58.2) | |
| Health information systems | 185 (37.4) | 70 (36.3) | 134 (35.8) | 81 (42.0) | 136 (39.0) | 16 (41.0) | 81 (42.4) | 17 (56.7) | 34 (50.7) | |
| Financial management systems | 95 (19.2) | 45 (23.3) | 81 (21.7) | 35 (18.1) | 70 (20.1) | 11 (28.2) | 55 (28.8) | 10 (33.3) | 20 (29.9) | |
| Tangible hardware | 391 (79.0) | 163 (84.5) | 305 (81.6) | 161 (83.4) | 282 (80.8) | 28 (71.8) | 155 (81.2) | 26 (86.7) | 53 (79.1) | |
| Health workforce | 329 (66.5) | 130 (67.4) | 253 (67.6) | 144 (74.6) | 243 (69.6) | 24 (61.5) | 133 (69.6) | 22 (73.3) | 45 (67.2) | |
| Health products | 160 (32.3) | 72 (37.3) | 126 (33.7) | 73 (37.8) | 130 (37.2) | 12 (30.8) | 83 (43.5) | 12 (40.0) | 26 (38.8) | |
| Health infrastructure | 156 (31.5) | 68 (35.2) | 126 (33.7) | 59 (30.6) | 117 (33.5) | 12 (30.8) | 71 (37.2) | 15 (50.0) | 29 (43.3) | |
| Intangible software | 241 (48.7) | 19 (47.2) | 185 (49.5) | 97 (50.3) | 177 (50.7) | 24 (61.5) | 134 (70.2) | 19 (63.3) | 43 (64.2) | |
| Practices | 184 (37.2) | 70 (36.3) | 145 (38.8) | 71 (36.8) | 136 (39.0) | 18 (46.2) | 105 (55.0) | 17 (56.7) | 34 (50.7) | |
| Values and norms | 101 (20.4) | 36 (18.7) | 80 (21.4) | 43 (22.3) | 79 (22.6) | 13 (33.3) | 72 (37.7) | 7 (23.3) | 16 (23.9) | |
| Relationships and power | 91 (18.4) | 33 (17.1) | 68 (18.2) | 34 (17.6) | 61 (17.5) | 13 (33.3) | 51 (26.7) | 9 (30.0) | 20 (29.9) | |
| Organizational culture | 90 (18.2) | 28 (14.5) | 66 (17.6) | 45 (23.3) | 73 (20.9) | 8 (20.5) | 57 (29.8) | 7 (23.3 | 19 (28.4) | |
| Beliefs | 80 (16.2) | 30 (15.5) | 64 (17.1) | 32 (16.6) | 58 (16.6) | 14 (35.9) | 64 (33.5) | 5 (16.7) | 11 (16.4) | |
| Interests and networks | 75 (15.2) | 26 (13.5) | 56 (15.0) | 30 (15.5) | 53 (15.2) | 12 (30.8) | 44 (23.0) | 6 (20.0) | 15 (22.4) | |
| Number of elements | Median ± interquartile range | |||||||||
| Score ranging from 1 to 13 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 4.0 ± 3.0 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 5.0 | 5.5 ± 5.0 | 5.0 ± 5.0 | |
| Number of capacities | n (% column)1 | |||||||||
| 1 | 176 (35.6) | 52 (26.9) | 76 (20.3) | 60 (31.1) | 78 (22.3) | 6 (35.9) | 7 (3.7) | 11 (36.7) | 15 (22.4) | |
| 2 | 174 (35.2) | 72 (37.3) | 153 (40.9) | 74 (38.3) | 128 (36.7) | 14 (35.9) | 50 (26.2) | 8 (26.7) | 17 (25.4) | |
| 3 | 123 (24.8) | 64 (33.2) | 123 (32.9) | 49 (25.4) | 121 (34.7) | 18 (46.2) | 112 (58.6) | 7 (23.3) | 13 (19.4) | |
| 4 | 22 (4.4) | 5 (2.6) | 22 (5.9) | 10 (5.2) | 22 (6.3) | 1 (2.6) | 22 (11.5) | 4 (13.3) | 22 (32.8) | |
| Median ± interquartile range | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | |
Notes: 1The numbers or percentages in the row or in the column do not add up since they are not mutually exclusive.
2Effective intervention that mainly contributed to improve the capacity.
3All effective interventions that contributed to improve the capacity (mainly, somewhat, minimal contribution).