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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 17.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2021 Nov 9;122(2):2487–2649. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384

Scheme 9.

Scheme 9.

Illustration of various scenarios for associated with electron transfer events in electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis. For photoredox catalysis, only excited state electron transfer is illustrated. Additionally, unproductive back electron transfer can be operative, but is omitted from this figure for clarity.