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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 17.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2021 Nov 9;122(2):2487–2649. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384

Table 1.

Conductivity and overpotential (HER and HOR) associated with various electrode materials.

Electrode Material Conductivity[a]
/104 S•cm−1 		η for H2 Evolution[b] in H2O /V η for H2 Evolution in MeOH /V η for O2 Evolution[d] in H2O /V
Ag 68.17 −0.59,172 −0.46,159 −0.444[h]154 −0.21172 0.61173
Al 41.37 −0.58159
Au 48.76 −0.12,172 −0.430[h]154 −0.20172 0.96173
Be 33.11 −0.63160
Bi 0.93 −0.33172 −0.32172
Cd 14.71 −0.99,159 −1.225[i]154 0.80173
Co 17.86 −0.3 to −0.4174 0.39173
Cu 64.81 −0.46,155 −0.57,160 −0.60,159 −0.720[j] 154 −0.32155, −1.1[m]137c 0.58173
Fe 11.67 −0.40159 0.41173
Ga 7.35 −0.63[c] 175
Hg 1.04 −1.04,159 −1.475[k] 154
In 12.50 −0.80160
Ir 21 −0.030[j] 154
Mg 24.7
Mo 20.62 −0.13,172 −0.30160 −0.28172
Nb 6.58 −0.65,160 −0.80[k] 154
Ni 16.32 −0.32,160 −0.434[h] 154 0.61173
Pb 5.21 −0.85,160 −0.91,159 −1.311[k] 154 −1.7[m] 139 0.80173
Pd 10.22 −0.01,172 −0.09,161 −0.044[h] 154 −0.01172 0.89173
Pt 10.42 −0.27,172 −0.09,159 −0.043[k] 154 −0.19172 1.11173
Pt Plated NA −0.01172 −0.01172 0.46173
Rh 23.3 −0.08,159 −0.042[l] 154
Sn 8.70 −0.81176, −0.877[l] 154 −1.3[m]
Ta 8.20 −0.20,172 −0.41160 −0.36172
Ti 2.6 −0.767[h] 154
Tl 6.67 −0.61,172 −1.05160 −0.44172
W 20.75 −0.11,172 −0.27159 −0.32172
Zn 18.3 −1.092[k] 154
Stainless Steel 1.40177 −0.42178 0.28178
Graphite 0.0003, 0.4, 2.6 −0.47159 0.50173
BDD 10−6 to 0.002 −1.5[e]179 1 to 2 [f] 179,180, 181
Glassy Carbon (RVC) 0.02 to 0.10 −1.13[g]182
Leaded Bronze
CuSn7Pb15 		−1.5[m] 139
PbO2 −0.996[l] 154
[a]

conductivity data from reference 183 and 184, measured at 273 K (except Hg, glassy carbon, BDD which were measured at 298 K), unless stated otherwise.

[b]

HER overpotentials measured at measured in 1 M HCl or H2SO4 in solvent at 298 K and 1 mA•cm−2, unless stated otherwise

[c]

measured at 2 × 10−4 A•cm−2.

[d]

OER measured at 1 mA•cm−2 298 K, 1 M KOH in H2O, unless stated otherwise.

[e]

0.5 M H2SO4.

[f]

Value significantly depends on electrode doping and pre-treatment procedure.

[g]

pH 3.4.

[h]

measured in 1 M H2SO4 at 298 K and 200 mA•m−2.

[i]

measured in 0.25 M H2SO4 at 298 K and 200 mA•m−2.

[j]

measured in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 298 K and 200 mA•m−2.

[k]

measured in 1 M HCl at 298 K and 200 mA•m−2.

[l]

measured in 4 M H2SO4 at 298 K and 200 mA•m−2.

[m]

recorded in 2% H2SO4 in MeOH at 2 mA•cm−2.