Table 4. Summary of infant outcomes and certainty of evidence.

Outcomes	Clinical evidence	Favours planned VD	Favours planned CS	Certainty of evidence*
Brachial plexus injury	The incidence of brachial plexus injury was lower, with borderline statistical significance, in prelabour CS compared to VD [22, 27]			Low
Neonatal cardio-respiratory disorders	Elective CS was associated with a 2-3-fold increase in the risk for neonatal respiratory problems, including transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, and persistent pulmonary hypertension [20, 22, 27, 28]			Low
Childhood obesity	There is evidence of a possible association between all types of CS and increased risks for excess adiposity in childhood and adolescence [24, 29]			Moderate
Childhood allergies	Significant increased risks for allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and asthma in children delivered through all types of CS compared with children delivered vaginally [24, 30–32]			Moderate

VD = vaginal delivery; CS = caesarean section

*Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) scale