Table 3. Multilevel negative binomial regression analysis of individual and community level factors associated with the number of antenatal care visits in sub-Saharan Africa, DHS 2008–2019 (N = 256,425).
| Variables | category | Model_2 | Model_3 | Model_4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIRR[95% CI] | AIRR[95% CI] | AIRR[95% CI] | ||
| Maternal age | 15–19 | 1.00 | ________ | 1.00 |
| 20–35 | 1.09 [1.08, 1.10] *** | ________ | 1.08 [1.07, 1.10]*** | |
| 36–49 | 1.20 [1.18, 1.21] *** | ________ | 1.18 [1.16, 1.20]*** | |
| Maternal education | No educ. | 1.00 | ________ | 1.00 |
| Primary | 1.20 [1.19, 1.21] *** | ________ | 1.26 [1.25, 1.27] *** | |
| Secondary & above | 1.46 [1.45, 1.47] *** | ________ | 1.44 [1.42, 1.45] *** | |
| Wealth index | Poor | 1.00 | ________ | 1.00 |
| Middle | 1.06 [1.05, 1.07] *** | ________ | 1.05 [1.04, 1.06]*** | |
| Rich | 1.13 [1.12, 1.14] *** | ________ | 1.08 [1.07, 1.09] *** | |
| Parity | Primi | 1.00 | ________ | 1.00 |
| Multi | 0.97 [0.96, 0.98] *** | ________ | 0.98 [0.97, 0.99]*** | |
| Grand | 0.88 [0.87, 0.90] *** | ________ | 0.90 [0.89, 0.91] *** | |
| Media usage | No | 1.00 | ________ | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.14 [1.13, 1.15] *** | ________ | 1.10 [1.09, 1.11] *** | |
| Pregnancy | planned | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Unplanned | 0.96 [0.95, 0.97] *** | 0.97 [0.96, 0.98] *** | ||
| Residence | Urban | ______ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | _______ | 0.76 [0.75, 0.77] *** | 0.90 [0.89, 0.91] *** | |
| Region of SSA | Central | ______ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Southern | ______ | 1.24 [1.22, 1.26] *** | 1.11 [1.09, 1.13] *** | |
| Eastern | _______ | 1.08 [1.07, 1.09] *** | 1.03 [1.02, 1.04] *** | |
| Western | _______ | 1.13 [1.12, 1.14] *** | 1.17 [1.16, 1.18] *** | |
| Country income | Low | _______ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Middle | _______ | 1.14 [1.13, 1.15] *** | 1.10 [1.08, 1.11] *** | |
| DHS survey year | 2008–2011 | ________ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2012–2015 | 1.06 [1.05, 1.07] *** | 1.05 [1.04, 1.06] *** | ||
| 2016–2019 | 1.08 [1.07, 1.09] *** | 1.07 [1.06, 1.08] *** | ||
| Community media usage | Low | _______ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | _______ | 1.06 [1.05, 1.07] *** | 1.03 [1.02, 1.04] *** | |
| Community women’s educ. | Low | _______ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | _______ | 1.09 [1.08, 1.10] *** |
|
* = p-value < 0.05,
** = p-value < 0.01,
*** = p-value < 0.001, AIRR = adjusted incidence rate ratio.
Model I is the null model, a baseline model without any independent variable.
Model II is adjusted for individual-level factors.
Model III is adjusted for community-level factors.
Model IV is the full model adjusted for both individual and community-level factors.