Table 1.
General characteristic of study participants in propolis and placebo groups at baseline.
| Variables | Propolis group (N = 33) | Placebo group (N = 29) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Female | 30 (90.9) | 27 (93.1) | 0.99# |
| Age, year | 54.27 ± 6.58 | 53.86 ± 5.60 | 0.794 |
| Weight, kg | 79.04 ± 8.61 | 82.01 ± 13.41 | 0.298 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.56 ± 4.13 | 34.03 ± 4.78 | 0.201 |
| WC, cm | 107.16 ± 7.88 | 109.82 ± 9.99 | 0.246 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 12.83 ± 1.67 | 13.01 ± 1.62 | 0.663 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 8.37 ± 1.06 | 8.55 ± 1.20 | 0.551 |
| Vitamin supplement, n (%) | 2(6.1) | 0(0) | 0.494 |
| Current disease | |||
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 5(15.2) | 3(10.3) | 0.713# |
| Gastrointestinal disease, n (%) | 10(30.3) | 12(41.4) | 0.363 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 6(18.2) | 6 (20.7) | 0.803 |
| Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 6(18.2) | 7(24.1) | 0.565 |
| Current medication | |||
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 29(87.9) | 26(89.7) | 0.99# |
| Sugar-lowering medication, n (%) | 29(87.9) | 26(89.7) | 0.99# |
| Pressure-lowering medication, n (%) | 19(57.6) | 18(62.1) | 0.719 |
| Levothyroxine medication, n (%) | 5(15.2) | 3(10.3) | 0.713# |
| Change weight, n (%) | 9(27.3) | 6(20.7) | 0.546 |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.570# | ||
| Married | 29 (87.9) | 25 (86.2) | |
| Divorced/widowed | 4(12.1) | 4(61.38) | |
| Household status, n (%) | 0.510# | ||
| Supervisor/Self- supervisor | 7(21.2) | 7(24.1) | |
| Under supervision | 26(78.8) | 22(75.9) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.357# | ||
| Under-diploma/Diploma | 30(91) | 28(96.6) | |
| University | 3(9.1) | 1(3.4) | |
| History of various diseases n (%) | 33 (100) | 28 (96.6) | 0.468# |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and frequencies (percentages). Abbreviation: BMI, body max index; WC, waist circumference. P-values were derived from the independent-sample t test for quantitative variables and Chi-square test for qualitative variables between the two groups. #Fisher's exact test.