. 2023 Mar 17;13:4452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31254-y

Table 2.

Dietary intake and physical activity of study participants before and after of the intervention.

Variables	Groups	Before	After	Changes	P-value ^b	P-Value ^#
Energy, kcal/day	Propolis	1538.67 [1340.16–2107.91]	1539.74 [1249.38–1857.92]	−39.45 ± 417.11	0.662	0.659
Energy, kcal/day	Placebo	1413.04 [1190.56–2139.44]	1393.78 [1122.37–1812.83]	16.44 ± 571.09	0.940	0.659
Protein, g/day	Propolis	67.62 [56.78–99.34]	67.04 [51.89–91.16]	−1.69 ± 26.81	0.809	0.953
Protein, g/day	Placebo	67.32 [58.17–85.48]	64.31 [50.96–83.26]	−2.07 ± 23.58	0.738	0.953
Carbohydrates, g/day	Propolis	255.25 [204.02–362.55]	237.94 [189.43–293.95]	−10.48 ± 64.33	0.561	0.396
Carbohydrates, g/day	Placebo	199.85 [159.82–330.28]	214.82 [157.82–309.91]	7.61 ± 100.46	0.787	0.396
Fat, g/day	Propolis	42.38 [34.47–57.03]	42.57 [35.15–49.31]	−0.08 ± 16.86	0.623	0.739
Fat, g/day	Placebo	43.24 [32.92–58.08]	41.5 [28.58–55.64]	−1.58 ± 18.36	0.854	0.739
SFA, g/day	Propolis	13.30 [11.22–16.86]	13.48 [11.21–16.87]	1.30 ± 9	0.964	0.949*
SFA, g/day	Placebo	17.02 [11.22–19.87]	14.14 [10.58–20.66]	0.27 ± 8.17	0.787	0.949*
MUFA, g/day	propolis	14.15 [12.15–18.61]	14.20 [11.96–15.46]	0.14 ± 6.95	0.741	0.362
MUFA, g/day	Placebo	15.17 [11.66–20.82]	13.98 [9.98–19.52]	−1.51 ± 7.21	0.496	0.362
PUFA, g/day	Propolis	8.18 [6.65–10.56]	7.65 [6.05–10.10]	−0.39 ± 3.83	0.598	0.952
PUFA, g/day	Placebo	8.12 [4.99–11.01]	7.35 [5.64–9.76]	−0.45 ± 3.84	0.922	0.952
Cholesterol, mg/day	Propolis	200.19 [115.40–284.92]	198.35 [131.17–264.21]	14.77 ± 135.80	0.688	0.530*
Cholesterol, mg/day	Placebo	187 [126.11–308.18]	148.85 [119.73–285.53]	38.59 ± 345.68	0.642	0.530*
Fructose, g/day	Propolis	19.12 [13.6–24.62]	16.58 [8.53–23.35]	−2.07 ± 9.11	0.437	0.334*
Fructose, g/day	Placebo	12.09 [7.05–17.68]	13.81 [7.17–19.80]	2.01 ± 13.27	0.596	0.334*
Magnesium, mg/day	Propolis	411.42 [270.56–566.36]	360.03 [285.64–468.90]	−23.21 ± 216.32	0.437	0.857
Magnesium, mg/day	Placebo	345.61 [248.72–442.09]	295 [219.87–394.40]	−32.34 ± 174.76	0.469	0.857
Zinc, mg/day	Propolis	11.92 [7.63–14.34]	10.39 [8.39–13.35]	−0.26 ± 5.21	0.675	0.652
Zinc, mg/day	Placebo	10.61 [8.47–12.91]	9.65 [6.65–12.87]	−0.84 ± 4.99	0.596	0.652
Selenium, ug/day	Propolis	102.29 [84.51–128.74]	95.50 [77.82–122.70]	2.92 ± 48.13	0.662	0.334*
Selenium, ug/day	Placebo	84.32 [71.35–128.31]	80.91 [65.29–103.38]	−12.63 ± 50.22	0.198	0.334*
Calcium.mg/day	Propolis	1164.55 [578.14–1998.19]	1062.07 [550.04–1434.69]	−221.18 ± 1082.62	0.272	0.668
Calcium.mg/day	Placebo	1064.78 [562.33–1364.04]	815.97 [439.13–1284.16]	−113.59 ± 846.16	0.496	0.668
Vitamin C, mg/day	Propolis	117.82 [53.85–228.71]	84.45 [66.33–157.08]	−24.89 ± 106.55	0.313	0.822
Vitamin C, mg/day	Placebo	95.69 [67.65–187.27]	80.79 [42.93–131.97]	−30.50 ± 86.27	0.122	0.822
Fiber, g/day	Propolis	36.38 [20.90–55.55]	31.40 [21.80–45.30]	−2.93 ± 22.69	0.448	0.913
Fiber, g/day	Placebo	29.88 [19.24–37.12]	21.34 [16.28–37.65]	−3.53 ± 19.42	0.496	0.913
Physical activity (MET-h/week)	Propolis	32.56 ± 2.58	32.69 ± 3.07	0.13 ± 2.67	0.781^a	0.241*
Physical activity (MET-h/week)	Placebo	34.62 ± 3.79	34.35 ± 2.46	−0.27 ± 2.93	0.624^a	0.241*

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. Abbreviation: SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. *P-value were derived from Mann–Whitney U test. ^#P-value were derived from Independent Sample t test. ^bP-value were derived from Wilcoxon rank-sum test .^aP-value were derived from the Paired- sample t-test.