. 2023 Mar 17;13:4452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31254-y

Table 3.

The effects of propolis supplementation on anthropometric indices, blood pressure, inflammation status, glycemic parameters and lipid profiles in two groups.

Variables	Groups	Before	After	Changes	P-Value ^b	P- value^#
Weight, kg	Propolis	79.05 ± 8.61	77.97 ± 8.52	−1.08 ± 2.43	0.016
	Placebo	82.02 ± 13.42	81.64 ± 13.08	−0.38 ± 1.98	0.310	0.550*
	P-Value	0.298
BMI, kg/m2	Propolis	32.57 ± 4.13	32.12 ± 4.06	−0.45 ± 1	0.016
	Placebo	34.03 ± 4.79	33.88 ± 4.73	−0.15 ± 0.84	0.348	0.217
	P-Value	0.201
Waist circumference, cm	Propolis	107.17 ± 7.89	104.08 ± 6.96	−3.09 ± 4	< 0.001
	Placebo	109.83 ± 9.99	109.66 ± 10.26	−0.17 ± 4.36	0.833	0.008
	P-Value	0.246
SBP, mmHg	Propolis	12.83 ± 1.67	12.16 ± 1.23	−0.67 ± 1.58	0.020
	Placebo	13.02 ± 1.63	12.67 ± 1.37	−0.34 ± 1.21	0.137	0.366
	P-Value	0.663
DBP, mmHg	Propolis	8.38 ± 1.07	8.08 ± 0.91	−0.30 ± 1.41	0.237
	Placebo	8.55 ± 1.21	8.26 ± 0.85	−0.29 ± 1.31	0.237	0.995
	P-Value	0.551	0.438
LDL/HDL ratio	Propolis	2.06 ± 0.47	2.06 ± 0.32	−0.01 ± 0.42	0.934
	Placebo	2 ± 0.57	2.11 ± 0.39	0.11 ± 0.48	0.211	0.296
	P-Value	0.631
Cholesterol/HDL ratio	Propolis	3.66 ± 0.45	3.70 ± 0.44	0.05 ± 0.41	0.525
	Placebo	3.60 ± 0.55	3.72 ± 0.44	0.12 ± 0.55	0.257	0.760
	P-Value	0.673
TG, mg/dl	Propolis	239.97 ± 169.76	234.33 ± 144.94	−5.64 ± 212.18	0.880
	Placebo	224.34 ± 129.58	288.34 ± 192	64 ± 225.16	0.137	0.215
	P-Value	0.688
Insulin, μU/ml	Propolis	4.87 [3.73–8.81]	7.34 [3.88–8.88]	0.75 ± 3.69	0.357^a
	Placebo	5.38 [3.2–8.89]	6.37 [4.12–9.47]	0.64 ± 2.51	0.163^a	0.890
	P-Value	0.849
FBG, mg/dl	Propolis	126 [112.5–168.5]	123 [104–172]	−5.06 ± 57.11	0.381^a
	Placebo	123 [108–174.5]	133 [114–160]	0.48 ± 53.53	0.387^a	0.197*
	P-Value	0.827
HOMO-IR	Propolis	1.93 [1.22–2.88]	1.90 [1.29–3.05]	0.42 ± 2.33	0.662^a
	Placebo	1.57 [1.04–2.96]	1.84 [1.26–3.43]	0.33 ± 1.28	0.107^a	0.805*
	P-Value	0.530
TC, mg/dl	Propolis	168 [143.5–198]	141 [129–187]	−9.42 ± 34.98	0.039^a
	Placebo	180 [150.5–199.5]	162 [140–201.5]	−10.55 ± 31.41	0.106^a	0.895
	P-Value	0.489
HDL-C, mg/dl	Propolis	45 [39.5–57]	41 ^32,36–50	−2.52 ± 14.42	0.022^a
	Placebo	50 [42.5–54.5]	44 [37.5–51.5]	−4.14 ± 8.65	0.003^a	0.865*
	P-Value	0.259
LDL-C, mg/dl	Propolis	93 [77.5–109.5]	79 [69.5–109]	−3.70 ± 37.73	0.114^a	0.682*
	Placeo	94 [76–124.5]	90 [78–123]	−2.52 ± 29.03	0.406^a
	P-Value	0.899
CRP, mg/l	Propolis	1.4 [0.2–2.65]	1.8 [0.25–4.3]	0.56 ± 3.59	0.084^a
	Placebo	1.8 [0.2–5.15]	2.8 [1–5.1]	−0.48 ± 7.23	0.838^a	0.341*
	P-Value	0.329

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median [interquartile range]. Abbreviation: FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance; CRP, C- reactive protein; TC, total cholesterol; SBD, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index. * P-value were derived from Mann-Whiney U test. ^# P-value were derived from Independent t test. ^b P-value were derived from paired-sample t test. ^a P-value were obtained from Wilcoxon rank-sum test.