Table 4.
The effects of propolis supplementation on mood status and quality of life before and after of intervention.
| Variables | Groups | Before | After | Changes | P-value a | P-value # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DASS-21 | ||||||
| Depression | Propolis | 10.5 ± 8.94 | 9.39 ± 9.09 | −1.94 ± 7.70 | 0.164 | |
| Placebo | 11.93 ± 6.79 | 12.43 ± 10.57 | 0.44 ± 8.01 | 0.775 | 0.250 | |
| P-value | 0.494 | |||||
| Anxiety | Propolis | 13.13 ± 9.38 | 11.27 ± 7.78 | −2.69 ± 6.36 | 0.023 | |
| Placebo | 15.07 ± 9.16 | 12.71 ± 9.68 | −2.52 ± 6.62 | 0.059 | 0.921 | |
| P-value | 0.421 | |||||
| Stress | Propolis | 15.63 ± 10.24 | 14.60 ± 9.49 | −1.75 ± 9.04 | 0.282 | |
| Placebo | 19.36 ± 10.24 | 21.21 ± 9.88 | 1.85 ± 5.87 | 0.113 | 0.071 | |
| p-value | 0.169 | |||||
| SF-36 | ||||||
| physical functioning | Propolis | 82.58 ± 15.82 | 91.36 ± 9.94 | 8.79 ± 12.75 | < 0.001 | |
| Placebo | 66.92 ± 18.85 | 70.17 ± 19.34 | 3.25 ± 12.97 | 0.188 | < 0.001* | |
| P-value | < 0.001 | |||||
| Role limitation due to emotion problem | Propolis | 44.44 ± 43.83 | 57.58 ± 48.79 | 13.13 ± 55.86 | 0.165 | |
| Placebo | 40.23 ± 45.76 | 42.53 ± 47.89 | 2.30 ± 53.4 | 0.056 | 0.440 | |
| P-value | 0.713 | |||||
| Limit to physical | propolis | 42.42 ± 46.56 | 53.03 ± 46.25 | 10.61 ± 51.93 | 0.352 | 0.401* |
| Placebo | 22.41 ± 39.16 | 27.59 ± 43.99 | 5.17 ± 51.05 | 0.186 | ||
| P-value | 0.071 | |||||
| Energy fatigue | Propolis | 59.70 ± 22.81 | 67.73 ± 17.05 | 8.03 ± 15.15 | 0.005 | |
| Placebo | 50.69 ± 19.94 | 52.07 ± 19.62 | 1.38 ± 17.06 | 0.667 | 0.109 | |
| P-value | 0.105 | |||||
| Emotional well being | Propolis | 66 ± 19.49 | 68.61 ± 18.79 | 2.61 ± 12.93 | 0.255 | |
| Placebo | 53.14 ± 20.20 | 54.38 ± 22.09 | 1.24 ± 17.31 | 0.702 | 0.222* | |
| P-value | 0.013 | |||||
| Social functioning | Propolis | 72.35 ± 28.94 | 74.95 ± 27.24 | 2.61 ± 29.90 | 0.620 | 0.732 |
| Placebo | 71.12 ± 29.71 | 76.72 ± 32.69 | 5.60 ± 38.61 | 0.441 | ||
| P-value | 0.870 | |||||
| Bodily pain | Propolis | 69.39 ± 33.69 | 76.74 ± 28.02 | 7.35 ± 38.56 | 0.282 | |
| Placebo | 46.98 ± 33.68 | 50 ± 332.40 | 3.02 ± 30.60 | 0.6 | 0.015* | |
| P-value | 0.011 | |||||
| General health | Propolis | 53.62 ± 19.06 | 68.94 ± 19.48 | 15.32 ± 19.83 | < 0.001 | |
| Placebo | 49.61 ± 15.17 | 50.13 ± 16.34 | 0.52 ± 15.46 | 0.858 | < 0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.367 | |||||
| Total | propolis | 62.87 ± 15.36 | 73.02 ± 13.41 | 10.15 ± 11.33 | < 0.001 | |
| Placebo | 51.53 ± 15.93 | 54.16 ± 16.65 | 2.64 ± 11.37 | 0.222 | < 0.001* | |
| p-value | 0.006 | |||||
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: Dass-21, the 21-Item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; SF-36; the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. * P-value were derived from ANCOVA test with baseline values as the covariate. # P-value were obtained from Independent Sample t test. a P-value were derived from paired-sample t test.