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. 2023 Mar 16;25:e44965. doi: 10.2196/44965

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©Michiko Ueda, Kohei Watanabe, Hajime Sueki. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 16.03.2023.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Estimated emotional distress levels in 2020 relative to 2019: all participants and by sex. The estimated models include user-fixed effects and week-of-year and day-of-week fixed effects. The blue vertical line (E1) denotes the week when school closure was announced and started, and the shaded area (E2) represents the period in which the state of emergency was in effect. The orange vertical lines (E3, E4) denote the weeks when the death by suicide of an entertainer was reported. The number of tweets used in the estimation was 488,284 (all), 292,002 (59.80%, female), and 189,562 (38.82%, male). The number of respondents in each category was 560 (all), 320 (57.14%, female), and 237 (42.32%, male). W: week.