Table 2. Changes in the confidence level pertaining to lung auscultation and the score of lung auscultation before and after education (n = 65).

	Visualization group (n = 35)	Control group (n = 30)	p-value
Confidence in lung auscultation, mean (SD)
Pre-questionnaire	1 (1)	2 (1)	0.128
Post-questionnaire	3 (1)	3 (1)	0.028
Mean difference	2 (1)	1 (1)	0.005
Adjusted mean difference, least mean square (SE)	1.7 (0.1)	1.3 (0.1)	0.020 *
Score of lung auscultation, mean (SD)
Pre-test	11 (2)	11 (5)	0.827
Post-test	15 (4)	14 (4)	0.290
Mean difference	4 (4)	3 (1)	0.623
Adjusted mean difference, least mean square (SE)	3.7 (0.5)	3.1 (0.6)	0.424*

* Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed, and pre-score was adjusted.

Standard error, SE.