Table 2. Participants’ demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics at baseline (N = 100).
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | Type 1 diabetes (n = 64) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 36) |
|---|---|---|
| Age,years (range)*** | 47 ± 15 (21–80) | 66 ± 9 (43–79) |
| Women | 27 (42%) | 17 (47%) |
| Employment*** | ||
| Full time employment | 32 (50%) | 6 (17%) |
| Part time employment | 12 (19%) | 3 (8.3%) |
| Full time education | 2 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unemployed but actively looking for work | 5 (7.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unemployed but not actively looking for work | 2 (3.1%) | 4 (11%) |
| Retired | 11 (17%) | 23 (64%) |
| Highest level of education achieved*** | ||
| Primary school | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.8%) |
| Secondary school / high school | 14 (22%) | 14 (39%) |
| College / undergraduate degree | 29 (45%) | 11 (31%) |
| Post graduate degree | 18 (28%) | 1 (2.8%) |
| Other | 3 (4.7%) | 9 (25%) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 22.95 ± 14.82 | 22.06 ± 9.71 |
| HbA1c (baseline) | ||
| % | 7.32 ± 0.84 | 7.35 ± 1.01 |
| Mmol/mol | 56.53 ± 9.18 | 56.85 ± 11.04 |
| Percentage time below 70mg/dL*** | 6.10 (4.58) | 2.06 (2.01) |
| Microvascular complications, any | 18 (28%) | 17 (47%) |
| Microvascular complications, any* | 10 (16%) | 13 (36%) |
| Usual method of glucose monitoring | ||
| Capillary glucose monitoring only (fingerprick)* | 20 (31%) | 19 (53%) |
| Continuous glucose monitoring without alerts** | 48 (75%) | 17 (47%) |
| Continuous glucose monitoring with alerts | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) |
| Country*** | ||
| United Kingdom | 45 (70%) | 12 (33%) |
| The Netherlands | 19 (30%) | 24 (67%) |
| Gold score | ||
| Impaired awareness (≥4) | 14 (22%) | 6 (17%) |
| Intact awareness (<4) | 49 (78%) | 30 (83%) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7) No anxiety (<5) |
46 (73%) |
28 (78%) |
| Mild anxiety (5–10) | 9 (14%) | 5 (14%) |
| Moderate-Severe anxiety (≥10) | 8 (13%) | 3 (8.3%) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 |
| Depression symptoms (PHQ-9) | ||
| No depression (<5) | 44 (70%) | 27 (75%) |
| Mild depression (5–10) | 11 (17%) | 3 (8.3%) |
| Moderate-Severe depression (≥10) | 8 (13%) | 6 (17%) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 |
| Cognitive functioning (PDQ-20)1 | 18.62 ± 13.44 (n = 63) | 16.51 ± 10.72 |
| Diabetes-specific quality of life (DIDP)2 | ||
| Composite score | 4.48 ± 0.81 | 4.39 ± 0.83 |
| Percentage score | 49.72 ± 11.63 | 48.44 ± 11.88 |
| Missing | 1 | 0 |
| Fear of hypoglycemia (HFS-II total)3 ** | 32.98 ± 22.17 (n = 63) | 21.22 ± 14.72 |
| Sleep-quality score (T-score PROMIS week 10)4 | 49.77 ± 8.85 (n = 58) | 50.49 ± 8.68 |
| Vitality (SF-36 vitality subscale mean)5 | 3.35 ± 0.83 (n = 63) | 3.37 ± 0.63 |
| Diabetes distress (PAID total)6 | 21.08 ± 17.27 (n = 60) | 17.89 ± 15.81 (n = 63) |
| Below 40 | 54 (86%) | 33 (92%) |
| Above 40 | 9 (14%) | 3 (8.3%) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%).
aigher scores indicate greater perceived cognitive difficulties.
2Higher scores indicate greater negative impact across global life dimensions (possible ranges from 1–7 and 1–100 for composite and percentage scores respectively).
3Higher scores indicate higher fear of hypoglycemia.
4Higher scores indicate higher sleep disturbance (lower sleep quality).
54Higher scores indicate higher fatigue (less energetic).
6PAID scores above 40 indicate severe diabetes distress.
Test of difference between T1DM and T2DM group: *p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001.