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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 17.
Published in final edited form as: J Agromedicine. 2022 Apr 27;27(3):315–328. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2022.2068716

Table 2.

Childcare and schooling arrangements pre-COVID-19 (n = 134).

School year Planned for summer

0 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 18 0 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 18

Mean (std. dev.)

Number of options used 2.1 (1.6) 2.3 (1.5) 2.2 (1.2) 2.0 (1.4) 2.1 (1.3) 2.2 (1.2)

Percenta
Parental care at home (playing, homeschooling) 56.0 49.2 46.6 50.0 42.4 48.0
Parental care on the farm with a working parent 44.0 44.1 52.4 40.0 50.9 75.5
Parental care at off-farm job 10.0 10.2 13.6 10.0   6.8 14.3
Family care (i.e. grandparent or other family member) 30.0 23.7 17.5 36.0 25.4 22.5
Informal care (i.e. babysitter or home-based care) 32.0 27.1   8.7 34.0 31.0 14.7
Formal care (i.e. daycare center or pre-kindergarten) 24.0 35.6   2.9 18.0 20.3   5.1
K-12 school or summer programs (i.e. school/camp/sports)   6.0 30.5 60.2   6.4 27.6 40.2
After school programs   8.0   6.8 14.6 N/A N/A N/A

Notes.

a

Adds to more than 100 because respondents could choose more than 1 answer.