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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Clin Pract. 2022 Dec 21;38(2):376–385. doi: 10.1002/ncp.10941

TABLE 1.

Patient population demographics and clinical characteristics of EN-fed patients in pre- and post-implementation cohorts.

Variable Pre-implementation (n=78) Post-implementation (n=72) p-value8
Age at ICU admission (years), median (IQR) 5 (1, 9.3) 3 (0.3, 10.8) 0.46
Female gender, n (%) 36 (46) 29 (40) 0.47
Weight-for-age Z-score, median, (IQR) 1 −0.37 (−1.46, 0.49) −0.64 (−1.7, 0.14) 0.17
Height/ length for age Z-score, median, (IQR) 2 −1.53 (−2.87, 0.01) −2.1 (−3.5, −0.41) 0.33
Weight-for-length Z-score, median, (IQR) 3 0.74 (−0.08, 1.89) 0.71 (−0.21, 1.65) 0.70
Body Mass Index Z-score, median, (IQR)4 0.7 (−0.27, 1.69) 0.51 (−0.38, 1.37) 0.44
Body Mass Index, median, (IQR) 5 20.6 (18.2, 27) 21.4 (20, 30.7) 0.55
0.15
Patients admitted to medical service, n (%) 32 (41) 38 (52.8)
Patients admitted to surgical service, n (%) 46 (59) 34 (47.2)
Principal reason for ICU admission, n (%) 0.78
 Post-operative care 39 (50) 34 (47.2)
 Respiratory 16 (20.5) 18 (25.0)
 Cardiovascular/Shock 4 (5.1) 8 (11.1)
 Neurologic 13 (16.7) 6 (8.3)
 Other6 6 (7.7) 6 (8.3)
0.62
Comorbidities, n (%) 7
 Respiratory 58 (74.4) 44 (61.1)
 Cardiovascular 21 (26.9) 20 (27.8)
 Neurologic 42 (53.8) 41 (56.9)
 Oncologic / SCT 10 (12.8) 18 (25.0)
 Gastrointestinal / Liver 60 (76.9) 50 (69.4)
 No comorbidities 7 (9.0) 6 (8.3)
Respiratory support 0.35
 Mechanical ventilation, n (%) 48 (61.5) 39 (54.2)
 CPAP, n (%) 4 (5.1) 2 (2.8)
 BiPAP, n (%) 3 (3.8) 4 (5.6)
 HFNC, n (%) 1 (1.3) 2 (2.8)
 No respiratory support, n (%) 22 (28.2) 25 (34.7)
Patients on ECMO, n (%) 2 (2.6) 5 (6.9) 0.20
ICU LOS, median (IQR) days 6.1 (2, 18.7) 6.0 (2.2, 23.2) 0.77
PIM 3, median (IQR) −4.99 (−6.2, −3.8) −4.40 (−5.4, −3.3) 0.15
Nutrition provision, n (%) 0.53
 EN only 43 (55.1) 36 (50.0)
 EN+PN 22 (28.2) 22 (30.6)
 EN + PO 13 (16.6) 14 (19.4)
1

For patients younger than 20 years (73 in pre-implementation cohort and 67 in post-implementation cohort)

2

For patients younger than 20 years (73 in pre-implementation cohort and 66 in post-implementation cohort)

3

For patients younger than 2 years (25 in pre-implementation cohort and 32 in post-implementation cohort)

4

For patients 2–20 years of age (48 in pre-implementation cohort and 34 in post-implementation cohort)

5

For patients older than 20 years (5 in pre-implementation cohort and 5 in post-implementation cohort)

6

Under the “Other” category we have included diagnoses of admission for which there were less than 5 patients per category per cohort and these included oncologic, renal, liver, gastrointestinal diagnoses

7

Not mutually exclusive

8

As determined by either the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables or the Chi-Square test for trend for categorical variables

BiPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; EN, enteral nutrition; HFNC, high flow nasal cannula; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; GI, gastrointestinal; LOS, length of stay; n, number; NIPPV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; PIM 3, pediatric index of mortality 3; PN, parenteral nutrition; PO, per os (by mouth); SCT, stem cell transplant.