Table 2.

Route of exposure, related medical outcomes, and most frequent clinical effects in cannabidiol exposure cases (single-substance exposures) reported to U.S. Poison Centers by type of cannabidiol exposure from July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2021.

	Cannabidiol exposure cases, No. (%)a
	Totalb	Non-approved cannabidiol	Approved cannabidiol
Cases with single-substance exposures, No.	5,248	4,479	172
Route of exposurec
Ingestion	4,667	3,969	154
Inhalation/nasal	327	303	3
Dermal	268	230	6
Ocular	86	64	11
Otherd	28	23	2
Unknown	23	19	–
Related medical outcomese
Minor effectf	937	823	25
Moderate effectg	518	445	7
Major effecth	47	40	–
Death/Death, indirect reporti	1	1	–
Not followed, minimal clinical effects possiblej	320	282	5
Unable to follow, potentially toxic exposure	216	196	1
Most frequent clinical effects (≥1.0%)
CNS depression (mild)	561	493	10
Tachycardia	367	317	6
Vomiting	294	254	4
Other – neurological	281	252	4
Dizziness/vertigo	237	216	*
Nausea	233	206	2
Agitation	217	188	6
Confusion	181	163	*
Other – miscellaneous	169	153	*
CNS depression (moderate)	131	113	*
Hypertension	79	71	*
Ataxia	73	64	*
Drowsiness/lethargy	72	70	2
Hallucinations/delusions	68	67	*
Tremor	68	62	*
Ocular – irritation/pain	60	45	7
Mydriasis	59	50	*
Slurred speech	*	44	*
Lacrimation	*	*	2

^aPercentages are column percentages (%).

^bIt includes cases with single exposures to approved cannabidiol (n = 172), non-approved cannabidiol (n = 4,479), and cannabidiol products not categorized as either approved or non-approved cannabidiol (n = 597). Characteristics for the 597 cases without information on their approval status were not included in a separate column.

^cEach exposure case may involve more than one route of exposure (n = 5,399).

^dAny other route not listed above.

^eAfter excluding clinical effects coded as “not related” and “unknown if related” as well as “related” medical outcomes coded as “Unrelated effect, the exposure was probably not responsible for the effect(s)”.

^fThe patient exhibited some symptoms as a result of the exposure, but they were minimally bothersome to the patient.

^gThe patient exhibited symptoms as a result of the exposure, which are more pronounced, more prolonged or more of a systemic nature than minor symptoms.

^hThe patient has exhibited symptoms as a results of the exposure, which were life-threatening or resulted in significant residual disability or disfigurement.

^IThe patient died as a result of the exposure or as a direct complication of the exposure where the complication was unlikely to have occurred had the toxic exposure not preceded the complication/a report of a fatality but not inquiry was placed to the regional poison center.

^jNo more than minor effect possible.

^*Clinical effects representing <1.0%.