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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Mol Med. 2023 Feb 22;29(4):315–328. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.007

Figure 1. Bilirubin acts as a hormone.

Figure 1.

The receptors that bilirubin has been shown to activate at physiological bilirubin (10–25 μM) and pathological levels (>100 μM).

Abbreviations: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), Mas-Related G-protein coupled receptor (MRGPR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) Asterisks: this is an indicator that studies were performed and validated in knockout animal models.