Table 2:

Findings from multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with each WHOQOL-HIV BREF domain in individuals who screened positive for depression or substance use (n=753)

	Overall		Physical		Psychological		Independence		Social relationships		Environment		Spirituality / personal beliefs
Variables	Mean score	Diff	Mean score	Diff	Mean score	Diff	Mean score	Diff	Mean score	Diff	Mean score	Diff	Mean score	Diff
Total	3.4		14.4		13.8		14.9		13.5		13.9		13.6
Age at survey (years)
≤30	3.4		13.9	Ref	13.5		14.4	Ref	13.6		13.7		13.3	Ref
31–40	3.4		14.3	+	13.8		14.8	+	13.5		14.0		13.3	+
41–50	3.4		14.7	+	14.3		15.5	+	13.7		14.2		14.0	+
>50	3.2		14.5	+	13.5		14.8	+	13.2		13.4		13.9	+
Sex
Male	3.4		14.3		13.7		14.8	Ref	13.4	Ref	13.9		13.5
Female	3.5		15.0		14.7		15.8	+	14.4	+	14.2		14.6
HIV mode of exposure
Heterosexual contact	3.3		14.3		14.1		14.9		13.5		13.7		14.1	Ref
MSM	3.5		14.5		13.8		15.1		13.6		14.1		13.3	−
Injecting drug use	3.3		13.8		13.3		14.3		13.1		13.4		11.6	−
Other/Unknown	3.2		14.0		13.3		14.4		13.5		13.5		13.7	−
Viral Load at survey (copies/mL)
<1000	3.4		14.6		13.8		15.2		13.7		14.0		13.6
≥1000	3.3		13.2		13.2		13.9		13.0		13.4		13.3
Not tested	3.5		14.2		14.0		14.5		13.4		13.7		13.6
CD4 at survey (cells/μL)
≤200	3.4		12.4	Ref	13.1	Ref	13.3	Ref	13.2		13.4	+	13.4
201–350	3.2		13.9	+	13.1	+	14.2	+	12.7		13.0	Ref	13.3
351–500	3.3		14.5	+	13.6	+	14.9	+	13.3		13.9	+	12.9
>500	3.5		15.0	+	14.1	+	15.7	+	13.9		14.3	+	13.9
Not tested	3.4		14.3		14.0		14.7		13.6		13.9		13.7
Current ART
NRTI+NNRTI	3.5		14.7		14.3		15.1		13.8		14.1		13.8
NRTI+PI	3.4		14.5		14.1		14.5		13.3		14.0		13.8
INSTI	3.3		14.1		13.2		15.1		13.3		13.8		13.2
Other	3.0		13.7		13.1		14.3		14.0		13.5		14.3
None/unknown	3.2		12.6		12.6		12.6		12.3		13.0		12.0
Hepatitis B co-infection
Negative	3.5		14.7		13.7		15.6		13.6		14.2		13.6
Positive	3.6		15.8		15.1		16.4		14.7		14.7		14.3
Not tested	3.3		14.1		13.8		14.5		13.4		13.7		13.5
Hepatitis C co-infection
Negative	3.5		15.0		14.3		15.9		14.0		14.4		13.8
Positive	3.7		15.2		14.4		16.3		15.0		15.2		14.5
Not tested	3.3		13.7		13.3		14.0		13.0		13.4		13.3
Prior AIDS Diagnosis
No	3.4		14.7		13.8		15.4		13.8		14.2		13.4
Yes	3.4		14.3		13.9		14.7		13.3		13.8		13.7
Not reported	3.2		12.9		13.6		13.1		12.9		12.8		14.1
Household income (USD) per month
≤$500	3.2	Ref	13.7	Ref	13.8		14.0	Ref	13.1		13.2	Ref	13.6
$501-$2000	3.5	+	15.0	+	14.3		15.4	+	14.1		14.5	+	13.8
>$2000	3.6	+	14.7	+	13.8		15.7	+	13.7		14.5	+	13.6
Not reported/unknown	3.1		13.8		13.1		14.0		12.8		12.9		13.3
Employment
No	3.1		13.5		13.2		13.8		12.9		13.1		13.5	−
Full time	3.6		14.9		14.2		15.6		13.9		14.4		13.9	Ref
Part time	3.3		13.8		13.4		14.5		13.2		13.4		12.8	−
Not reported/unknown	3.3		14.2		13.4		14.1		13.3		13.7		13.4
Highest education level
No education	3.3		17.7		14.7		17.0		13.0	−	13.7	+	14.3
Primary to high school	3.2		14.1		13.4		14.6		12.9	−	13.3	−	13.2
College to university	3.5		14.5		14.0		15.1		13.8	Ref	14.2	Ref	13.7
Not reported/unknown	3.0		14.3		14.2		14.7		13.5		13.7		14.1
HIV disclosure status
Fully	3.4		13.9		14.5		14.1		14.5	Ref	13.9		15.1	Ref
Partially	3.4		14.4		13.7		15.0		13.6	−	13.9		13.6	−
Not disclosed	3.4		14.5		14.1		15.2		12.9	−	13.9		12.9	−
Not reported/unknown	3.2		14.4		13.8		14.5		13.7		13.6		14.1
Previous stressors
No	3.6	Ref	15.4	Ref	14.6	Ref	15.8	Ref	14.1		14.5		14.4	Ref
Yes	3.3	−	13.7	−	13.3	−	14.4	−	13.2		13.6		13.1	−
Not reported/unknown	3.2		13.7		13.1		14.1		12.9		13.2		12.8
Family history of mental health disorder
No	3.4		14.6		14.1	Ref	15.1		13.7	Ref	14.1	Ref	13.8
Yes	3.4		13.6		12.4	−	13.8		12.3	−	13.0	−	12.9
Not reported/unknown	3.1		13.2		12.1		13.9		12.9		13.0		12.4
Comorbidities
No	3.3		14.0		13.0		14.8		13.2		13.8		13.2
Yes	3.4		14.3		13.5		14.6		13.2		13.9		13.2
Not reported/unknown	3.5		14.7		14.7		15.2		14.0		14.0		14.1
Previous mental health disorder
No	3.5	Ref	14.8		14.1	Ref	15.6	Ref	13.8	Ref	14.2		13.7
Yes	2.9	−	12.9		11.8	−	13.4	−	12.2	−	13.1		12.0
Not reported/unknown	3.2		13.3		13.7		13.3		13.0		13.0		13.9
History of STIs in the past 5 years
No	3.4		14.5		13.8		15.4		13.6		14.1		13.3
Yes	3.5		14.7		13.8		15.4		13.8		14.3		13.7
Not reported/unknown	3.3		13.6		13.7		13.6		13.1		13.1		13.9
Year of ART initiation
<2010	3.4		14.8		14.2		15.5		13.6		13.9		14.0
2010–2012	3.5		15.2		14.2		15.8		13.9		14.6		13.6
2013–2015	3.4		14.4		13.9		14.7		13.6		13.9		13.5
2016–2020	3.3		13.9		13.4		14.4		13.3		13.7		13.4
No ART/unknown	3.3		13.0		13.0		13.3		13.9		13.7		12.6
ART adverse events in the previous year
No	3.4		14.7		13.9		15.4		13.7		14.1		13.6
Yes	3.5		14.3		13.9		15.4		13.9		14.5		13.0
Not reported/unknown	3.2		13.3		13.6		13.3		13.0		13.0		13.9
ART adherence in the previous year
≥95	3.5		14.7		13.9		15.5		13.7		14.2		13.6	Ref
<95	3.3		13.9		12.8		14.5		12.8		13.5		12.5	−
Not reported/unknown	3.2		13.7		13.8		13.9		13.3		13.3		13.9
WHODAS score
≤17	3.7	Ref	15.9	Ref	15.0	Ref	16.6	Ref	14.7	Ref	15.0	Ref	14.8	Ref
>17	3.1	−	12.8	−	12.6	−	13.3	−	12.3	−	12.8	−	12.3	−
World Bank country income grouping
High	3.3	Ref	13.9	Ref	12.9	Ref	14.8	Ref	13.0	Ref	13.5	Ref	13.2	Ref
Upper-middle and lower-middle	3.5	+	14.7	+	14.4	+	15.0	+	13.9	+	14.1	+	13.8	+

Not reported values were included in the analysis as a separate category but were excluded from test for heterogeneity.

Global p-value for age, viral load, CD4, household income were test for trend.

Abbreviations: Ref-reference group; CI-confidence interval; Diff-difference; MSM-men who have sex with men; ART-antiretroviral therapy; NRTI-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PI-protease inhibitors; INSTI-integrase strand transfer inhibitors; STIs-sexually transmitted infections; WHODAS-World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule

+ indicates higher mean scores compared to the reference group, − indicates lower mean scores to the reference group.

Bold fonts indicate statistical significance at a level of p<0.05

Refer to Supplementary Table 3 and Supplementary Table 4 for details of differences in mean scores across variable