Table 2.

Stressors mean scores on a 5-point scale according to sex and year of study.

Rank	Stressors according to their domain	Sex		P value	d	Year of study			P value	η2	Total n (365)
		Male (n = 153)	Female (n = 212)			3rd (n = 94)	4th (n = 133)	5th (n = 138)
		M (95% CI)	M (95% CI)			M (95% CI)	M (95% CI)	M (95%CI)			M (95%CI)
	Academic work
1	Examinations and grades	3.5 (3.3-3.7)	3.7 (3.9-3.9)	.04	0.21	3.8 (3.5-4.0)	3.5 (3.4-3.7)	3.7 (3.5-3.9)	.24	0.01	3.6 (3.5-3.7)
2	Amount of assigned work	3.4 (3.3-3.5)	3.5 (3.3-3.6)	.54	0.06	3.2 (3.0-3.3)	3.5 (3.3-3.6)	3.6 (3.4-3.7)	<.001	0.03	3.5 (3.4-3.6)
3	Uncertainty about job opportunities and dental career	3.1 (2.8-3.3)	3.4 (3.2-3.6)	.30	0.11	2.6 (2.4-2.9)	3.3 (3.1-3.6)	3.2 (3.0-3.4)	.001	0.04	3.3 (3.1-3.4)
4	Assignments difficulty	2.9 (2.8-3.0)	3.2 (3.1-3.3)	.004	0.30	2.9 (2.8-3.1)	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	3.1 (3.0-3.3)	.25	0.01	3.1 (3.0-3.2)
5	Competition with peers	2.8 (2.6-3.1)	2.7 (2.5-2.9)	.41	0.08	2.6 (2.3-2.8)	2.7 (2.5-2.9)	3.0 (2.7-3.2)	.06	0.01	2.8 (2.7-3.0)
6	Fear of failing course or year	2.5 (2.3-2.8)	3.0 (2.8-3.2)	.003	0.31	2.8 (2.5-3.1)	2.8 (2.6-3.1)	2.8 (2.5-3.0)	.92	0.001	2.8 (2.6-3.0)
	Clinical factors
1	Difficulty in finding requested clinical cases	3.7 (3.6-3.9)	4.0 (3.8-4.1)	.06	0.23		4.0 (3.8-4.2)	3.8 (3.6-3.9)	.23	0.01	3.9 (3.8-4.0)
2	Patient being late or absent to an agreed upon appointment	3.6 (3.4-3.8)	3.7 (3.5-3.8)	.51	0.08		3.5 (3.3-3.7)	3.8 (3.6-3.9)	.01	0.02	3.6 (3.5-3.8)
3	Discordance between different faculty members in assessment	3.5 (3.3-3.7)	3.57 (3.3-3.7)	.67	0.05		3.4 (3.2-3.6)	3.6 (3.4-3.8)	.15	0.01	3.5 (3.4-3.7)
4	Patients dropping out	3.3 (3.0-3.5)	3.5 (3.3-3.6)	.13	0.18		3.3 (3.1-3.5)	3.4 (3.3-3.7)	.17	0.005	3.4 (3.2-3.5)
5	Dealing with patients of poor hygiene awareness	2.7 (2.5-3.0)	3.5 (3.3-3.7)	<.001	0.66		3.3 (3.1-3.5)	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	.38	0.007	3.2 (3.0-3.3)
6	Patient care responsibility	2.8 (2.6-3.0)	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	.06	0.23		2.8 (2.6-3.0)	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	.06	0.01	3.0 (2.8-3.1)
7	Difficulty in learning clinical treatment approaches	2.5 (2.3-2.7)	2.7 (2.6-2.9)	.07	0.22		2.6 (2.4-2.7)	2.7 (2.5-2.9)	.40	0.001	2.6 (2.5-2.8)
8	Difficulty in learning manual skills	2.2 (2.0-2.4)	2.4 (2.3-2.6)	.07	0.22		2.3 (2.1-2.5)	2.4 (2.2-2.6)	.50	0.001	2.3 (2.2-2.5
	Educational environment
1	Lack of dental equipment in comparison to the number of students	4.0 (3.8-4.2)	4.2 (4.1-4.3)	.08	0.08	3.68 (3.4-3.9)	3.9 (3.8-4.1)	4.3 (4.1-4.5)	.001	0.06	4.1 (4.0-4.2)
2	Expectations versus reality of dental education	3.0 (2.7-3.2)	3.2 (3.0-3.4)	.18	0.14	2.6 (2.4-2.9)	3.1 (2.9-3.4)	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	.01	0.02	3.1 (2.9-3.2)
3	Being criticised during clinical work	2.8 (2.6-3.0)	3.3 (3.1-3.5)	.003	0.31	3.09 (2.8-3.3)	2.9 (2.7-3.2)	3.2 (3.0-3.4)	.19	0.01	3.1 (2.9-3.2)
4	Academic atmosphere created by the faculty	2.9 (2.7-3.1)	2.8 (2.6-3.0)	.31	0.11	2.4 (2.1-2.6)	2.8 (2.6-3.0)	3.1 (2.9-3.4)	<.001	0.05	2.9 (2.8-3.1)
5	Policy and rules imposed by the faculty	2.5 (2.3-2.7)	2.6 (2.4-2.8)	.48	0.07	2.2 (1.9-2.4)	2.6 (2.4-2.9)	2.8 (2.6-3.1)	<.001	0.04	2.7 (2.6-2.9)
6	Discrimination based on sex or ethnicity	2.6 (2.3-2.8)	2.3 (2.0-2.5)	.17	0.14	2.1 (1.8-2.4)	2.4 (2.1-2.6)	2.4 (2.1-2.6)	.27	0.01	2.4 (2.2-2.6)
	Personal factors
1	Lack of time for relaxation and leisure activities	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	3.4 (3.2-3.6)	.22	0.13	3.0 (2.7-3.3)	3.3 (3.0-3.5)	3.3 (3.0-3.5)	.19	0.01	3.3 (3.1-3.4)
2	Financial responsibilities	3.0 (2.8-3.2)	2.8 (2.6-3.0)	.07	0.19	2.6 (2.3-2.9)	2.7 (2.5-2.9)	3.1 (2.9-3.3)	.01	0.02	2.9 (2.7-3.0)
3	Having multiple roles (husband/wife/responsible for providing for family)	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	.81	0.02	1.8 (1.6-2.1)	1.5 (1.3-1.7)	2.0 (1.8-2.3)	.002	0.03	1.8 (1.6-1.9)
4	Emotional relationships	1.9 (1.7-2.1)	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	.22	0.13	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	1.9 (1.7-2.1)	.56	0.003	1.8 (1.7-2.0)
5	Personal health issues	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	.55	0.06	1.7 (1.5-1.9)	1.7 (1.5-1.9)	1.9 (1.7-2.1)	.38	0.005	1.8 (1.7-1.9)
6	Socialising with peers	1.6 (1.4-1.8)	1.8 (1.6-1.9)	.16	0.15	1.7 (1.5-1.9)	1.5 (1.3-1.6)	1.9 (1.7-2.0)	.008	0.02	1.7 (1.6-1.8)
7	Postponing marriage/having children	1.7 (1.5-1.9)	1.6 (1.5-1.9)	.30	0.11	1.9 (1.6-2.1)	1.5 (1.3-1.7)	1.9 (1.6-2.1)	.02	0.02	1.7 (1.5-1.8)
	Living accommodation
1	Living away from home	2.3 (2.0-2.6)	2.6 (2.4-3.0)	.62	0.05	2.1 (1.8-2.4)	2.2 (2.0-2.5)	2.7 (2.5-3.0)	.002	0.03	2.5 (2.3-2.7)
2	Lack of comfortable atmosphere at home	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	1.9 (1.7-2.2)	.92	0.01	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	1.8 (1.6-2.0)	2.0 (1.8-2.2)	.22	0.01	1.9 (1.7-2.0)

Stressors are in descending order and grouped according to their respective domain.

1 = not stressful, 5 = extremely stressful.

A P value <.05 is considered statistically significant. d (cohen's d) and η² (Eta-squared) are measures of effect size.