Table 1.

The major immunotherapy spectrum.

Approach	Action Mechanism	Reference
1. To stimulate effector immune values
Vaccines	Stimulates the immune system of the host	(Farkona et al., 2016)
Cytokines	Either directly exerting an antitumor effect or indirect improving the antitumor immune response	(Disis, 2014)
Adoptive cellular therapy	By inducing a set of high avidity effector T cells and overcoming tumor antigen tolerance	(Farkona et al., 2016, Mellman et al., 2011, Disis, 2014)
Oncolytic virus therapy	To treat cancer, existing biological agents are being used. Despite the lack of initial virulence, genetically engineered viruses can infiltrate and lyse cancer cells.	((Dobosz and Dzieciątkowski, 2019, Disis, 2014).
2. To inhibit the immunosuppression mechanism
Immune checkpoint blockade
Monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4	Reactivates pre-existing antitumor T cell responses, which might be useful in cancer therapy and might initiate new	(Farkona et al., 2016)
Antibodies against PD1 and PD-L1	New Sufficient clinical reactions are triggered, which are frequently long-lasting	(Farkona et al., 2016)

CTLA-4 = Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4.

PD-L1 = Programmed cell death ligand 1.