Table 4.

Few lipid-based formulations, which are approved, in pre-clinical and clinical trials for cancer immune oncology.

Nano Material	Pay Load	Strategy	Tumour	Stage	Reference
Liposomal nanohybrid cerasomes	PD-L1, Tubulin	Antibody and chemotherapy [Paclitaxel].	Breast and colon	Pre-clinical	Sanaei et al., 2021,
Liposome	IL-2–Fc fusion protein	T-cell expansion in vivo	Melanoma in mouse	Pre-clinical	Gong, 2021, Goldstein et al., 2014, Chen and Mellman, 2013, Floyd et al., 2013, Zheng et al., 2013
Liposomal-polymer core–shell	TGF-β and IL-2 inhibitors	Enhance NK population	Melanoma
Liposome	TGF-β inhibitor [SB525334].	T-cell expansion in vivo	Mouse melanoma	Pre-clinical	Sayour, 2018, Zheng et al., 2013,
PEGylated -liposomes	anti-CD40 and CpG	DC activation	Melanoma	Approved	Kwong et al., 2011
Liposome-coated polymeric gel	TGF inhibitor and mouse IL-2 [SB505124].	T-cell expansion in vivo	Mouse melanoma	Pre-clinical	Park et al., 2012
pDNA-loaded liposomal NPs	IL-2 and IL-12	SCC VII	Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck in a mouse model	Pre-clinical	Gao and Hu, 2019, Xian et al., 2005
Liposomes	gemcitabine	MSDC depletion	Melanoma		Sasso et al., 2016
Multilamellar liposomal vesicles	Inhibitor of the adenosine receptor A2a [SCH-58261].	T-cell expansion in vivo	Mouse model of human ovarian cancer	Pre-clinical	Gong, 2021, Siriwon et al., 2018
liposome-protamine-hyaluronic acid and lipid-calcium-phosphate	TGF- and tumour antigens/CpG are silenced by siRNA.	Higher infiltration CD8 + T cells after removal of immunosuppressive environment	Melanoma	Clinical	Lorenzer et al., 2015
Liposome-protamine-hyaluronic acid Nano particles	TGF-β	B16-F10	Mouse model of melanoma	Pre-clinical	Gao and Hu, 2019, Xu et al., 2014
Liposomes	Hidrazinocurcumin	M2-M1 repolarization of TAM caused by SAT3 inhibition	Breast cancer	Clinical	Zhang et al., 2013
Hyaluronic acid-modified cationic lipid nano particles	Anti-PD-1, CpG, and mitoxantrone- treated tumour cells	CT26 and B16-F10-OVA	Melanoma in mouse model and colon carcinoma	Pre-clinical	Fan et al., 2017
Lipid nanomaterials	A T-cell stimulator [7DW8-5]. and a PI3K inhibitor [PI-3065].	To overcome physical obstacles and tumour microenvironments that are unfriendly	Mouse breast cancer	Pre-clinical	Zhang et al., 2018a, Zhang et al., 2018b
Liposomal NPs	CpG and cisplatin	B16-F10	Mouse model of melanoma	Pre-clinical	Lu et al., 2016
Liposome	CD20 antibodies and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2].	NBiTEs	Mouse breast cancer	Pre-clinical	Gong et al., 2021
Lipid-dendrimer-calcium-phosphate	PD-L1 and an IL-2-encoding plasmid	Improve CD8 + T cell infiltration	Lung metastasis	Approved	Chiu et al., 2007
Hyaluronic coated cationic liposome	CpG ODN, IR-7 dye	Agonist for PTT + TLR9	CT-26	Pre-clinical	Le et al., 2018
Lipid-coated hollow mesoporous silica Nano particles	All-trans retinoic acid, interleukin-2, doxo	DC promotion + cytokine + chemotherapy	B16F10	Pre-clinical	Kong et al., 2017; Le et al.,
Lipid-based nanodisc	CpG ODN, neoantigen peptide	Vaccine + TLR9 agonist + CTLA-4/PD-1 antibody	B16F10 MC-38	Pre-clinical	Kuai et al., 2016, Le et al., 2018
Lipid vesicle coated mesoporous silica Nano particles	Indoximod, oxaliplatin	IDO inhibitor + Chemotherapy	KPC	Clinical	Lu et al., 2017, Chiang et al., 2011
CpG and -CD40 are covalently linked with PEGylated liposomes.	CD40 and CpG conjugated to the surface	Dendritic cells	melanoma tumour mice	Pre-clinical	Kwong et al., 2011
Lipoprotein Nano disks	CpG, anti-CTLA4 antigen, and soluble anti-PD-1	DCs	melanoma mouse models and colon carcinoma	Pre-clinical	Kuai et al., 2016
Hybrid lipid polymeric nano	SB505124, interleukin-12	TGF-β inhibitor + cytokine	B16F10	Pre-clinical	Le et al., 2018, Park et al., 2012
Liposomes	PI103, Selumetinib	PI3K inhibitor combined with anti-PD-L1 antibody	B16F10 4 T1	Pre-clinical	Kulkarni et al., 2016
ipid/calcium/phosphate	MUC-1 mRNA	Vaccine plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody	4 T1	Approved	Li et al., 2018
Lipid-coated calcium phosphate	CXCL-12, PD-L1	Trapping protein-encoding plasmids	Colorectal liver metastasis	Clinical	Sansei et al., 2021