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. 2022 Dec 15;24(2):139–175. doi: 10.1007/s11154-022-09762-5

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Hypothesized connection between maternal obesity, biomarkers of the endocrine, inflammatory and one-carbon metabolic pathways, and important clinical outcomes. Abbreviations: 1-C, one-carbon; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; FT4, free T4; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; LGA, large for gestational age; NTD, neural tube defect; PE, preeclampsia; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. (↑) Increased levels. (↓) Decreased levels