Table 3.
Multi-drug resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae isolates from different clinical materials.
| Combination of drugs (No. of antimicrobial agents classes) | No. of isolates | Resistance mechanisms (n) | Source (n) | Hospital wards (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,SXT,CIP (3) | 21 | ESBLs (21) | Urine (11), respiratory tract (5), wound (4), blood | Nephrology (3), Intensive Care (4), Neurological (2), Internal (8), Orthopaedics, Surgery (3) |
| TZP,CTX,CXM,SXT,CIP (3) | 5 | ESBLs (5) | Urine (4), respiratory tract | Neurological, Internal (2), Nephrology (2) |
| AMC,CTX,CXM,SXT,CIP (3) | 4 | ESBLs (4) | Urine (2), blood (2) | Internal (3), Neurological |
| CTX,CXM,SXT,CIP (3) | 3 | ESBLs (3) | Blood (2), urine | Nephrology, Internal (2) |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,GM, AMK, CIP (3) | 1 | ESBLs (1) | Urine | Nephrology |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,GM,SXT,CIP (4) | 10 | ESBLs (10) | Wound (2), respiratory tract (5), urine (2), blood | Surgery (4), Internal, Nephrology (2), Internal (2), Neurological |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,AMK,SXT,CIP (4) | 4 | ESBLs (4) | Urine (3), respiratory tract | Nephrology, Dialysis station, Intensive Care, Internal |
| AMC,CTX,CXM,AMK, SXT,CIP (4) | 1 | ESBLs (1) | Anus | Neurological |
| AMC,CTX,CXM,GM, AMK, SXT,CIP (4) | 1 | ESBLs (1) | Blood | Internal |
| AMC,CTX,CXM,GM,SXT,CIP (4) | 1 | ESBLs (1) | Urine | Intensive Care |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,GM,AMK,SXT,CIP (4) | 1 | ESBLs (1) | Wound | Surgery |
| TZP,CTX,CXM,GM,SXT,CIP (4) | 3 | ESBLs (3) | Urine (3) | Nephrology |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,MEM,IMP,GM,AMK,SXT,CIP (4) | 1 | MBL (1) | Urine | Nephrology |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,MEM,IMP,GM,SXT,CIP (4) | 6 | NDM-1 (6) | Anus (4), urine, blood | Internal (2), Intensive Care (3), Surgery |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,MEM,IMP,SXT,CIP (3) | 6 | NDM-1 (6) | Anus (4), blood (2) | Internal (2), Intensive Care (2), Surgery (2) |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,MEM,IMP,AMK,SXT,CIP (4) | 2 | MBLs (2) | Blood, urine | Internal (2) |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,MEM,IMP,GM,CIP (3) | 3 | NDM-1 (3) | Respiratory tract (2), anus | Neurological (2), Surgery |
| AMC,TZP,CTX,CXM,MEM,IMP,AMK,CIP (3) | 2 | MBLs (2) | Respiratory tract, anus | Neurological, Intensive Care |
AMC—amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, TZP—piperacillin plus tazobactam CTX—cefotaxime, CXM—cefuroxime, MEM—meropenem, IMP—imipenem, AMK—amikacin, GM—gentamicin, CIP—ciprofloxacin, SXT—trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole. ESBLs—extended spectrum beta-lactamases, MBLs—metallo-β-lactamases, NDM-1—New Dehli metallo-β-lactamase.