Table 3.
The role of active compounds against renal injuries via regulating autophagy in DKD.
| Signaling Pathways | Herbal extracts | Categories | Resource | In Vivo/In Vitro | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMPK/mTOR | Dencichine | Others | Panax notoginseng | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (24) |
| AMPK/mTOR | Dioscin | Glycosides | the rhizome of Dioscorea nipponica Makino, D. zingiberensis C. H. Wright, D. futschauensis Uline | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (25) |
| mTOR/ULK1 | Resveratrol | Polyphenols | Polygonum cuspidatum, mulberries and raspberries | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (26) |
| PI3K/Akt | Celastrol | Terpenoids | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (27) |
| AGE-RAGE-Nox4 axis | Salvianolic acid A | Phenolic acid | Salvia miltiorrhiza | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (28) |
| CaMKK2/AMPK/mTOR, PINK1/Parkin | Jujuboside A | Terpenoids | Semen Ziziphi Spinosae | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (29) |
| Nrf2 and PINK1 | Astragaloside II | Glycosides | Radix Astragali | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats | (30) |
| P62/LC3 | Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides | Others | Cordyceps militaris | In Vivo | STZ-induced mice | (31) |
| Bcl-2 | Wogonin | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced mice, mouse podocyte induced by HG | (32) |
| GSK3β | Sarsasapogenin | Glycosides | Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge | In Vivo | STZ-induced rats, mouse podocyte induced by HG | (33) |
| HMOX-1/Sirt1/AMPK | Puerarin | Flavonoid | radix puerariae | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced mice, mouse podocyte induced by HG | (34) |
| Pim1-p21-mTOR axis | Hispidulin | Flavonoid | Salvia involucrata, Crossostephium Chinese, Arrabidaea chica, Grindelia argentina, Arrabidaea chica, and Saussurea involucrate | In Vitro | mouse podocyte induced by HG | (35) |
| mTOR/TFEB | Catalpol | Glycosides | Radix Rehmanniae | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced mice, mouse podocyte induced by HG | (36) |
| mTOR/Twist1 | Tripterygium glycoside | Glycosides | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F | In Vitro | mouse serum-induced podocytes | (37) |
| β-arrestin-1 | Tripterygium glycoside | Glycosides | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F | In Vitro | mouse serum-induced podocytes | (38) |
| PI3k/Akt/mTOR | Curcumin | Others | Curcuma longa | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced rats, mouse podocyte | (39) |
| AKT/GSK3 β/β-Catenin | Ginsenoside Rg1 | Glycosides | Ginseng | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced mice, mouse podocyte induced by HG | (40) |
| mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 | Berberine | Alkaloids | Berberis vulgaris, Coptis Chinensis, and Berberis aristate | In Vitro | HG-cultured mouse podocytes | (41) |
| SIRT-NF-κB p65 axis | Astragaloside IV | Glycosides | Radix Astragali | In Vivo/In Vitro | KK-Ay mice, HG-cultured mouse podocytes | (42) |
| AMPK | Astragaloside IV | Glycosides | Radix Astragali | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced mice, HG-cultured mouse podocytes | (43) |
| miR-141-3p/PTEN/Akt/mTOR | Triptolide | Terpenoids | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced rats; HG induced human mesangial cells |
(44) |
| miR-5189-5p/AMPK | Trigonelline | Alkaloids | Trigonella foenum-graecum | In Vitro | HG-cultured human mesangial cell |
(45) |
| RAGE/mTOR | Paeoniflorin | Glycosides | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | In Vitro | AGEs-induced mesangial cells | (46) |
| PI3k/Akt/ NF-κB |
Wogonin | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced rats, HG-cultured human renal tubular epithelial cells | (47) |
| PI3k/Akt | Curcumin | Others | Curcuma longa | In Vitro | AGEs-cultured rat renal tubular epithelial | (48) |
| PI3k/Akt | Astilbin | Flavonoid | Smilax glabra rhizomes, Hypericum perforatum | In Vitro | HG induced human renal tubular epithelial cells | (49) |
| miR-192-5p/GLP-1R | Icariin | Flavonoid | Epimedium | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced rats, HG-cultured human renal tubular epithelial cells and rat renal fibroblasts | (50) |
| NOX4 | Complanatoside A | Glycosides | Semen Astragali Complanati | In Vivo/In Vitro | high-fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic model, TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells | (51) |
| AMPK/mTOR | Cyclocarya paliurus triterpenic acids fraction | Terpenoids | Cyclocarya paliurus | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced rats, HG-induced HK-2 cells | (52) |
| TGF-βR1 | Asiatic acid | Terpenoids | Cyclocarya paliurus | In Vivo/In Vitro | STZ-induced rats, HG+TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells | (53) |