Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics and prevalence of reward behavioural changes for all participant groups
| Characteristic | Controls | AD | lvPPA | bvFTD | svPPA | nfvPPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | ||||||
| No. (m:f) | 42 (23:19) | 34 (18:16) | 12 (10:2) | 27 (20:7) | 22 (13:9) | 24 (14:10) |
| Handed (R:L) | 40:2 | 30:4 | 11:1 | 26:1 | 21:1 | 23:1 |
| Age (y) | 66.8 (6.5) | 70.7 (8.1) | 67.6 (9.1) | 66.7 (7.7) | 66.3 (7.1) | 70.9 (8.1) |
| Education (y) | 16.0 (12.2–17.0) | 16.0 (12.2–16.0) | 15.0 (13.8–16.2) | 14.0 (12.0–16.0) | 16.0 (11.2–16.0) | 13.5 (11.0–16.0) |
| Illness (y) | NA | 5.3 (4.2–7.6) | 5.3 (4.3–6.8) | 4.9 (4.0–6.0) | 5.3 (4.6–6.3) | 4.3 (2.6–5.1) |
| MMSE score | 30.0 (29.0–30.0) | 18.5 (16.2–25.0) | 12.5 (10.0–17.0)a,b | 24.0 (21.0–27.5)c | 23.5 (18.0–28.5)c | 25.5 (17.2–8.0) |
| Reward domains | ||||||
| No. (%) | ||||||
| Primary | ||||||
| Any | 4 (10) | 20 (59) | 4 (33) | 24 (89)d,c,e | 18 (82)c | 12 (50)a |
| Inc | 2 (5) | 13 (38)a | 3 (25) | 23 (85)d,c,e | 15 (68) | 10 (42)a |
| Dec | 2 (5) | 9 (26) | 2 (17) | 13 (48) | 8 (36) | 4 (17) |
| Appetite | ||||||
| Any | 2 (5) | 14 (41) | 1 (8) | 19 (70)c | 14 (64)c | 11 (46) |
| Inc | 0 (0) | 5 (15)a | 0 (0)a | 15 (56)c,d | 8 (36) | 7 (29) |
| Dec | 2 (5) | 9 (26) | 1 (8) | 4 (15) | 6 (27) | 4 (17) |
| Sweet tooth | ||||||
| Any (Inc) | 2 (5) | 12 (35)a | 3 (25)a | 20 (74)c–e | 13 (59) | 7 (29)a |
| Sex | ||||||
| Any | 0 (0) | 2 (6)a | 2 (17) | 14 (52)d,e | 6 (27) | 3 (12)a |
| Inc | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (11) | 3 (14) | 2 (8) |
| Dec | 0 (0) | 2 (6)a | 2 (17) | 11 (41)d,e | 3 (14) | 1 (4)a |
| Non-primary | ||||||
| Any | 11 (26) | 5 (15)a,b | 5 (42)a | 23 (85)c–e | 17 (77)d,e | 8 (33)a,b |
| Inc | 9 (21) | 4 (12)a,b | 4 (33) | 20 (74)d,e | 14 (64)d | 7 (29)a |
| Dec | 2 (5) | 3 (9) | 3 (25) | 7 (26) | 7 (32) | 2 (8) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Any (Inc) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 4 (15) | 5 (23) | 2 (8) |
| Music | ||||||
| Any | 4 (10) | 4 (12)a,b | 4 (33) | 16 (59)d,e | 13 (59)d,e | 2 (8)a,b |
| Inc | 3 (7) | 2 (6)a,b | 1 (8) | 12 (44)d,e | 11 (50)d,e | 1 (4)a,b |
| Dec | 1 (2) | 2 (6) | 3 (25) | 4 (15) | 2 (9) | 1 (4) |
| Art | ||||||
| Any | 2 (5) | 2 (6) | 1 (8) | 9 (33) | 5 (23) | 3 (12) |
| Inc | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1 (8) | 4 (15) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) |
| Dec | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (19) | 5 (23) | 2 (8) |
| Colours | ||||||
| Any (Inc) | 6 (14) | 2 (6) | 2 (17) | 7 (26) | 4 (18) | 3 (12) |
| All | 13 (31) | 22 (65)a | 8 (67) | 26 (96)d,e | 19 (86) | 16 (67)a |
The table summarizes general demographic and clinical data, and the prevalence of altered reward behaviours in each of the sampled hedonic domains for each participant group, as determined from the symptom survey (see text and Supplementary Table 2). Counts, mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) are shown for demographic and clinical data. Raw counts and percentage of group exhibiting each symptom are shown for each reward domain. Significant differences (PFDR < 0.05) between patient groups and healthy controls are in bold; significant differences between patient groups are coded as follows: asignificantly different from bvFTD, bsignificantly different from svPPA, csignificantly different from lvPPA, dsignificantly different from AD, esignificantly different from nfvPPA. AD, patient group with typical Alzheimer’s disease; Any, any change in responsiveness toward that reward; bvFTD, patient group with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; Change, overall frequency and dominant direction of behavioural alteration (see text); Controls, healthy control group; Dec, primarily decreased responsiveness; f, female; Handed, handedness; Illness, estimated symptom duration; Inc, primarily increased responsiveness; symptom duration; L, left; lvPPA, patient group with logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia; m, male; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination (maximum score 30);52 no., number; nfvPPA, patient group with non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia; R, right; svPPA, patient group with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia; y, years.