Table 1.

Organ-based comprehensive summary of infarcts and ischemia in the abdomen (part-1)

Disease	Imaging findings	Auxiliary clinical information
Hepatic infarct	Peripherally located wedge-shaped hypoenhancing area. Hypointense on T1W and hyperintense on T2W images. Extensive infarction may present with hypoenhancing areas with geographic distribution	History of possible iatrogenic reasons, including surgery, ablation, endovascular procedures, and transplantation may be suggestive. Should also be considered in the presence of other underlying causes such as trauma, vasculitis, HELLP syndrome, and severe shock
Biliary necrosis	Strictures and dilatations in the intrahepatic bile ducts, multiple bilomas, peribiliary necrotic tissues, and intraductal filling defects representing debris or sludge may be seen. Hepatic artery thrombosis is generally the underlying condition	History of vasculitis, systemic infections, cardioembolic episodes, trauma, liver transplantation, or transcatheter chemoembolization may be helpful. Progressively increasing bilirubin levels despite all necessary biliary interventions may be suggestive
Arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia	Endoarterial thrombus/filling defect. Paper-thin bowel wall. Air densities within the bowel wall, mesenteric fat planes and/or mesenteric venous branches. Air–fluid levels within dilated bowel loops may also be seen	Advanced age. Severe atherosclerotic disease or cardioembolic conditions. Severe abdominal pain disproportionate to physical examination findings may be suggestive
Veno-occlusive mesenteric ischemia	Endovenous thrombus/filling defect. Mesenteric congestion and fat stranding, intraabdominal free fluid, abnormal thickening of segmental bowel loops with target appearance. In advanced stages, bowel perforation may be seen	May present with acute-onset progressive diffuse colicky pain, abdominal distension, and blood in the stool. Presence of possible underlying causes, including hypercoagulable state, recent surgery, and systemic infections may be helpful
Renal infarct	Pyramidal or wedge-shaped hypoenhancing areas mostly without any significant mass effect. «Cortical rim sign» may be observed in cases of global renal infarction. «Reverse rim sign» is typical of renal cortical necrosis	Patients may present with flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Presence of possible underlying causes, including infective endocarditis, atrial fibrillation, advanced atherosclerosis, surgical or endovascular interventions, rheumatological and hematological diseases may be helpful
Splenic infarct	Pyramidal or wedge-shaped hypoenhancing area. In the subacute and chronic phases, involution of the infarcted parenchyma with cystic transformation may be seen. In case of global infarction, splenic capsular enhancement may be observed. Splenic infarcts generally appear hypointense compared to the normal spleen parenchyma on both T1W and T2W images	Variable symptomatology ranging from asymptomatic presentation to severe left upper quadrant pain. Presence of possible underlying causes, including hemoglobinopathies, cardioembolism, lymphoproliferative diseases, certain infections (infectious mononucleosis, malaria), rheumatological conditions, pancreatitis, and splenic torsion may be helpful