Table 2.

Organ-based comprehensive summary of infarcts and ischemia in the abdomen (part-2)

Disease	Imaging findings	Auxiliary clinical information
Non-hemorrhagic adrenal infarct	Non-enhancing, slightly thickened adrenal glands. Enhancing thin rim surrounding the infarcted parenchyma may be seen. Diffuse parenchymal hyperintensity on T2W images and parenchymal restricted diffusion on DWI may be other suggestive findings	Rare. Generally secondary to pregnancy, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hereditary thrombophilias, or conditions that may cause extensive microarteriolar thrombi such as DIC. Patients may present with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and even acute adrenal crisis
Hemorrhagic adrenal infarct	Glandular enlargement secondary to diffuse macroscopic adrenal hemorrhage, which appears as hyperdense on non-enhanced CT and hyperintense on T1W pre-contrast MR images	Same as non-hemorrhagic adrenal infarcts
Intraperitoneal focal fat infarction	Omental necrosis triangular-shaped large heterogeneous fatty mass in the omentum Epiploic appendagitis oval-shaped fat-containing lesion (< 5 cm) surrounded by inflammatory fat stranding located at the antimesenteric border of the colon. «Central dot sign» may be seen Perigastric appendagitis oval-shaped, heterogeneous lesion located in the falciform, gastrohepatic, or gastrosplenic ligaments and accompanied by peripheral fat stranding	Self-limiting conditions with non-specific clinical presentation, which may mimic other more serious causes of acute abdominal pain. Patients generally present with well-localized, non-migrating, relatively constant abdominal pain. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and fever may also accompany the pain. Heavy food intake, local trauma, rapid body movement, and coughing may trigger IFFI
Ovarian torsion	Enlarged and displaced ovary, heterogeneous ovarian stroma due to edema and hemorrhage, peripherally displaced follicles, pelvic free fluid, and «twisted pedicle sign». Other suggestive findings include the absence of parenchymal enhancement on MRI and lack of internal vascularity on Doppler US. T2 hypointense ovarian rim may also be seen	Should be considered in female patients with acute pelvic pain. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent irreversible tissue loss. Previous history of ovarian torsion/detorsion episodes may be a clue
Testicular torsion	Testicular enlargement, change in the echotexture, and twisting of the spermatic cord on gray scale US. Decreased, absent, or abnormally high-resistance flow in the symptomatic testis on Doppler US	One of the most common reasons of acute scrotum. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent irreversible tissue loss
Segmental testicular infarct	Wedge-shaped heterogeneous lesion with the apex pointing to the testicular mediastinum on scrotal US. Absent flow within the lesion on Doppler US Non-enhancing, relatively well-defined heterogeneous parenchymal area peripherally outlined by capsular rim enhancement on post-contrast MR images	Rare. Acute scrotal pain. Presence of possible underlying causes including vasculitis, trauma, hematological diseases, and epididymo-orchitis