Table 3.
Associations of Urinary Paraben Biomarker Concentrations with Hot Flashes
| Butylparaben |
Ethylparaben |
Methylparaben |
Propylparaben |
∑Parabens |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Odds of ever having hot flashes for every two-fold increase in paraben biomarker levels | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) |
| Adjusted | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 1.06 (0.91–1.25) | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 1.14 (0.95–1.38) | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) |
| Odds of experiencing hot flashes in the past 30 days for every two-fold increase in paraben biomarker levels | |||||
| Unadjusted | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.36 (1.02–1.81) | 1.21 (0.98–1.50) | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) |
| Adjusted | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 1.33 (0.97–1.84) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 1.32 (0.96–1.81) |
| Odds of experiencing daily/weekly hot flashes for every two-fold increase in paraben biomarker levels | |||||
| Unadjusted | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) |
| Adjusted | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 1.07 (0.79–1.46) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 1.05 (0.77–1.44) |
| Odds of experiencing monthly hot flashes for every two-fold increase in paraben biomarker levels | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) | 1.33 (0.98–1.79) | 1.26 (0.99–1.61) | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) |
| Adjusted | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | 1.32 (0.95–1.82) | 1.26 (0.98–1.63) | 1.40 (1.00–1.95) |
| Odds of experiencing moderate/severe hot flashes for every two-fold increase in paraben biomarker levels | |||||
| Unadjusted | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) |
| Adjusted | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) |
| Odds of experiencing mild hot flashes for every two-fold increase in paraben biomarker levels | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.11 (0.88–1.38) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 1.51 (1.06–2.16) | 1.30 (0.99–1.72) | 1.49 (1.04–2.13) |
| Adjusted | 1.06 (0.83–1.34) | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | 1.40 (0.98–2.01) |
Binary logistic regression models evaluated associations of parabens with odds of ever having hot flashes (n = 47) and experiencing hot flashes in the past 30 days (n = 29) compared with never having hot flashes (n = 54). Multinomial logistic regression models evaluated associations of parabens with the odds of experiencing daily/weekly (n = 24) or monthly (n = 21) hot flashes or experiencing moderate/severe (n = 30) or mild (n = 16) hot flashes compared with never having hot flashes (n = 54).
Adjusted models account for age at the baseline visit (continuous) and midlife BMI (continuous).
Bold values indicate potentially meaningful findings.
CI, confidence intervals; OR, odds ratio.