FIG. 4.

Total operant attetional set-shifting task (oAST) errors for pre-injury baseline average (last five sessions per rat) and 10 post-injury days of testing ([PID 11–15] followed by a rest day [PID 16] and five more test days [PID 17–21]). Frontal lobe-traumatic brain injury (TBI), vehicle (VEH) treated rats committed significantly more errors than SHAM rats on days 1, 4, 7, and 9. Chronic milnacipran (MLN) treatment normalized performance by attenuating the number of errors recorded during testing throughout the 10 post-injury sessions, significantly so on days 1, 8, and 10, with similar trends on days 6 and 9. n = 7-11/group, Mean (± standard error of the mean), **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 for TBI+VEH versus SHAM, ⁺⁺p < 0.01, ⁺p < 0.05 for TBI+MLN versus TBI+VEH.