Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Physicians in the Study Samplea.
| Characteristic | Physicians | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 251 017) | Family medicine (n = 86 106) | Internal medicine (n = 85 095) | OBGYN (n = 35 994) | Pediatrics (n = 43 822) | |
| Practice characteristics, mean (SD), No. | |||||
| Beneficiaries provided pill, patch, or ring | 5.83 (22.30) | 4.42 (18.04) | 1.07 (5.53) | 24.63 (46.15) | 2.42 (7.11) |
| Beneficiaries provided IUDs or implants | 1.57 (19.70) | 0.83 (18.63) | 0.06 (4.90) | 8.68 (41.87) | 0.11 (2.42) |
| Female Medicaid beneficiaries of reproductive age seen in 2016b | 97.59 (229.42) | 101.08 (213.25) | 51.11 (133.61) | 249.35 (415.12) | 56.37 (105.38) |
| Physician characteristics, No. (%) | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 116 374 (46) | 34 743 (40) | 32 910 (39) | 21 027 (58) | 27 694 (63) |
| Male | 134 643 (54) | 51 363 (60) | 52 185 (61) | 14 967 (42) | 16 128 (37) |
| Doctors of osteopathy | 22 886 (9) | 13 689 (16) | 4792 (6) | 2364 (7) | 2041 (5) |
| International medical graduates | 70 589 (28) | 20 448 (24) | 33 935 (40) | 5190 (14) | 11 016 (25) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 49.17 (12.58) | 49.75 (12.64) | 48.65 (12.40) | 48.71 (12.71) | 49.42 (12.63) |
| Age, y | |||||
| 25-34 | 36 554 (15) | 11 678 (14) | 12 924 (15) | 5835 (16) | 6117 (14) |
| 35-44 | 60 446 (24) | 20 209 (23) | 20 995 (25) | 8730 (24) | 10 512 (24) |
| 45-54 | 65 942 (26) | 22 125 (26) | 22 927 (27) | 9238 (26) | 11 652 (27) |
| 55-64 | 56 435 (22) | 20 542 (24) | 18 618 (22) | 7658 (21) | 9617 (22) |
| ≥65 | 31 640 (13) | 11 552 (13) | 9631 (11) | 4533 (13) | 5924 (14) |
| Located in a rural county | 15 463 (6) | 9388 (11) | 3365 (4) | 1370 (4) | 1340 (3) |
| County characteristics, mean (SD) c | |||||
| County female population aged 15-44 y, No. | 278 929.41 (446 138.09) | 233 379.08 (427 807.56) | 304 965.88 (459 168.34) | 304 593.75 (451 487.91) | 296 793.03 (444 326.56) |
| County % population below poverty line | 14.43 (5.10) | 14.49 (5.05) | 14.49 (5.11) | 14.47 (5.07) | 14.17 (5.21) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||
| County % population AIAN | 1.58 (3.74) | 1.80 (4.50) | 1.45 (3.22) | 1.46 (3.15) | 1.48 (3.44) |
| County % population Asian | 6.60 (7.23) | 5.39 (6.40) | 7.29 (7.67) | 7.10 (7.46) | 7.23 (7.40) |
| County % population Black | 14.80 (13.96) | 12.24 (12.99) | 16.13 (14.32) | 16.35 (14.30) | 15.97 (14.11) |
| County % population Hispanic | 18.05 (16.24) | 16.94 (16.64) | 18.24 (15.60) | 18.90 (16.25) | 19.15 (16.51) |
| County % population White | 74.24 (15.50) | 77.84 (14.81) | 72.30 (15.64) | 72.32 (15.43) | 72.51 (15.35) |
| State policy characteristics, No. (%) | |||||
| Practice in a state that expanded Medicaid by 2016 | 174 529 (70) | 56 915 (66) | 62 772 (74) | 24 609 (68) | 30 233 (69) |
| Practice in a state with Medicaid family planning waiver in 2016 | 165 096 (66) | 56 487 (66) | 56 304 (66) | 23 611 (66) | 28 694 (65) |
Abbreviations: AIAN, American Indian or Alaska Native; OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology.
a
Sources included Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System data from 2016,16 the American Medical Association Masterfile from 2016,19 the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey,24 and the Kaiser Family Foundation (for the Medicaid expansion status of individual states in 2016).22
b
Reproductive age was 15 to 44 years.
c
The county in which a physician was located.