Table 2. Odds of Providing at Least 1 Intrauterine Device or Implant to Medicaid Beneficiaries by Physicians in 2016.

Characteristic	Odds ratio (95% CI)
	Family medicine (n = 86 106)	Internal medicine (n = 85 095)	OBGYN (n = 35 994)	Pediatrics (n = 43 822)
Physician characteristics
Female	1.95 (1.68-2.26)a	1.06 (0.73-1.54)	0.96 (0.91-1.02)	1.29 (0.94-1.79)
Doctor of osteopathy	0.53 (0.45-0.62)a	0.83 (0.51-1.35)	1.08 (0.82-1.42)	0.61 (0.41-0.91)b
International medical graduate	0.44 (0.36-0.55)a	0.73 (0.38-1.40)	1.08 (0.91-1.29)	0.67 (0.39-1.15)
Age, y
35-44	1.10 (1.00-1.21)	1.85 (1.30-2.64)a	3.51 (2.93-4.21)a	1.90 (1.49-2.42)a
45-54	0.66 (0.55-0.80)a	2.44 (1.71-3.49)a	3.01 (2.43-3.72)a	1.80 (1.28-2.54)a
55-64	0.51 (0.39-0.65)a	2.60 (1.73-3.92)a	2.27 (1.82-2.83)a	1.83 (1.31-2.56)a
≥65	0.29 (0.19-0.44)a	1.75 (1.21-2.54)a	1.15 (0.94-1.41)	1.37 (0.89-2.09)
County characteristicsc
Rural	1.22 (0.95-1.57)	1.00 (0.67-1.48)	0.49 (0.38-0.62)a	0.56 (0.36-0.88)b
Log of county female population aged 15-44 y	0.99 (0.87-1.13)	1.10 (0.92-1.31)	0.78 (0.69-0.89)a	1.02 (0.82-1.27)
County % population below poverty line	1.01 (0.97-1.04)	1.08 (1.02-1.14)a	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	1.08 (1.02-1.13)a
Race and ethnicity
County % population AIAN	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.97 (0.90-1.04)	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	0.98 (0.95-1.02)
County % population Asian	1.00 (0.97-1.02)	1.00 (0.94-1.06)	0.96 (0.94-0.99)a	0.99 (0.92-1.07)
County % population Black	0.98 (0.96-1.00)b	1.00 (0.98-1.03)	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	0.99 (0.97-1.02)
County % population Hispanic	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.94 (0.87-1.01)	0.99 (0.97-1.01)	0.94 (0.88-1.01)
State policy characteristics
State expanded Medicaid by 2016	1.06 (0.62-1.83)	0.19 (0.05-0.63)a	0.84 (0.62-1.15)	0.28 (0.08-0.95)b
State had a Medicaid family planning waiver in 2016	0.92 (0.50-1.68)	0.12 (0.02-0.80)b	0.87 (0.54-1.41)	0.23 (0.04-1.33)

Abbreviations: AIAN, American Indian or Alaska Native; OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology.

^a P < .01.

^b P < .05.

^c The county in which a physician was located.