Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Variablea | Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| TRE (n = 45) | DCR (n = 43) | |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||
| Female | 21 (47) | 18 (42) |
| Male | 24 (53) | 25 (58) |
| Age, y | 32.3 (10.5) | 31.7 (8.3) |
| High school education, No. (%) | 44 (98) | 42 (98) |
| Weight, kg | 88.9 (10.9) | 91.5 (13.6) |
| BMI | 32.2 (3.4) | 32.2 (3.2) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 100.4 (8.2) | 102.3 (9.5) |
| Body fat percent, % | 38.3 (6.1) | 38.7 (5.2) |
| Fat mass, kg | 33.8 (7.4) | 35.0 (7.2) |
| Lean mass, kg | 51.4 (7.9) | 52.7 (8.8) |
| Fat area, median (IQR), cm2 | ||
| Total abdominal | 466.9 (391.0-511.2) | 452.0 (404.4-565.2) |
| Subcutaneous | 325.3 (277.8-384.4) | 327.4 (260.0-386.1) |
| Visceral | 129.9 (101.3-171.1) | 144.2 (110.1-174.4) |
| Visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio, median (IQR), % | 39.5 (27.1-58.7) | 41.5 (30.8-60.0) |
| Intrahepatic triglyceride content, median (IQR), % | 13.1 (8.7-23.3) | 13.8 (9.2-20.3) |
| Liver stiffness, median (IQR), kPa | 6.5 (5.0-8.8) | 6.8 (5.4-8.1) |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| Systolic | 125.8 (11.8) | 128.2 (12.1) |
| Diastolic | 73.9 (9.3) | 77.4 (9.8) |
| Pulse, beats/min | 81.0 (12.4) | 80.3 (9.5) |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mg/dL | 155.9 (106.3-183.4) | 149.7 (122.3-202.9) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.6 (34.6) | 201.9 (40.7) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 42.9 (9.0) | 43.3 (10.3) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 131.3 (30.8) | 132.7 (35.9) |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 92.6 (12.2) | 93.4 (18.9) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.7) |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 3.7 (2.7-6.0) | 3.4 (2.2-4.4) |
| Intake | ||
| Energy, kcal/d | 2111.7 (303.0) | 2161.4 (333.4) |
| Fat, % | 35.7 (5.9) | 35.1 (5.4) |
| Protein, % | 16.8 (2.8) | 16.8 (3.0) |
| Carbohydrate, % | 48.0 (6.9) | 48.3 (7.2) |
| Alcohol, median (IQR), g/wk | 0.0 (0.0-18.7) | 0.0 (0.0-11.7) |
| Physical activity, median (IQR), MET/wk | 10.7 (7.7-21.2) | 14.6 (6.6-23.1) |
| SF-12 score | ||
| Physical component summary | 44.5 (7.0) | 44.9 (6.5) |
| Mental component summary | 54.0 (7.0) | 54.4 (7.4) |
| Total PSQI sleep quality score | 5.3 (2.4) | 6.1 (2.8) |
| Total PHQ-9 score, median (IQR) | 3 (1-5) | 3 (2-6) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DCR, daily calorie restriction; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (calculated as insulin × glucose/405, where the unit of measure for insulin is in microinternational units per milliliter and the unit of measure for glucose is milligrams per deciliter); LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SF-12, 12-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire; TRE, time-restricted eating.
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C, and total) to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; and triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113.
No. (%) of missing values. At baseline: fat mass, 1 (1%); lean mass, 1 (1%). At 6 months: weight, 7 (8%); BMI, 7 (8%); waist circumference, 7 (8%); systolic blood pressure, 7 (8%); diastolic blood pressure, 7 (8%); fat mass, 7 (8%); lean mass, 7 (8%); visceral fat area, 7 (8%); subcutaneous fat area, 7 (8%); plasma glucose, 7 (8%); total cholesterol, 7 (8%); triglycerides, 7 (8%); LDL-C, 7 (8%); and HDL-C, 7 (8%). At 12 months: weight, 14 (16%); BMI, 14 (16%); waist circumference, 15 (17%); systolic blood pressure, 15 (17%); diastolic blood pressure, 15 (17%); fat mass, 18 (20%); lean mass, 18 (20%); visceral fat area, 15 (17%); subcutaneous fat area, 15 (17%); plasma glucose, 15 (17%); total cholesterol, 15 (17%); triglycerides, 15 (17%); LDL-C, 15 (17%); and HDL-C, 15 (17%).