Table 3. Effects of Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Liver Enzymes.
| Outcome | Change (95% CI) | Difference between groups (95% CI) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRE (n = 45) | DCR (n = 43) | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Month 6 | −12.1 (−14.8 to −9.4) | −9.3 (−12.0 to −6.7) | −2.8 (−6.6 to 1.0) | .15 |
| Month 12 | −11.0 (−13.9 to −8.1) | −8.5 (−11.2 to −5.9) | −2.5 (−6.4 to 1.4) | .21 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Month 6 | −7.4 (−9.5 to −5.2) | −5.9 (−8.1 to −3.8) | −1.4 (−4.5 to 1.7) | .36 |
| Month 12 | −7.4 (−9.7 to −5.1) | −5.5 (−7.6 to −3.3) | −1.9 (−5.1 to 1.3) | .23 |
| Pulse, beats/min | ||||
| Month 6 | −4.9 (−7.7 to −2.1) | −3.4 (−6.2 to −0.6) | −1.4 (−5.4 to 2.5) | .47 |
| Month 12 | −5.3 (−8.3 to −2.3) | −3.1 (−5.9 to −0.3) | −2.2 (−6.3 to 1.9) | .29 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | ||||
| Month 6 | −62.4 (−78.7 to −46.0) | −55.3 (−71.5 to −39.1) | −7.1 (−30.1 to 15.9) | .54 |
| Month 12 | −39.0 (−56.7 to −21.2) | −38.0 (−54.3 to −21.6) | −1.0 (−25.1 to 23.1) | .93 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||
| Month 6 | −12.5 (−20.5 to −4.6) | −12.4 (−20.2 to −4.6) | −0.2 (−11.3 to 11.0) | .98 |
| Month 12 | −10.2 (−18.5 to −1.9) | −7.9 (−15.8 to −0.0) | −2.3 (−13.8 to 9.2) | .69 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | ||||
| Month 6 | 5.1 (2.9 to 7.3) | 3.9 (1.7 to 6.0) | 1.2 (−1.8 to 4.3) | .42 |
| Month 12 | 6.5 (4.2 to 8.9) | 3.7 (1.6 to 5.9) | 2.8 (−0.4 to 6.0) | .08 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | ||||
| Month 6 | −8.4 (−15.5 to −1.3) | −8.2 (−15.2 to −1.2) | −0.2 (−10.2 to −9.8) | .97 |
| Month 12 | −12.5 (−20.0 to −5.0) | −8.2 (−15.2 to −1.1) | −4.3 (−14.6 to 6.0) | .41 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | ||||
| Month 6 | −6.2 (−11.2 to −1.2) | −5.1 (−10.0 to −0.2) | −1.1 (−8.1 to 5.9) | .76 |
| Month 12 | −5.9 (−11.3 to −0.5) | −0.8 (−5.8 to 4.2) | −5.1 (−12.4 to 2.3) | .17 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Month 6 | −1.7 (−2.6 to −0.9) | −1.3 (−2.2 to −0.5) | −0.4 (−1.6 to 0.8) | .50 |
| Month 12 | −1.6 (−2.5 to −0.6) | −0.0 (−0.9 to 0.8) | −1.6 (−2.8 to −0.3) | .18 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | ||||
| Month 6 | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2) | .59 |
| Month 12 | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) | −0.1 (−0.2 to 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.1) | .38 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | ||||
| Month 6 | −14.4 (−20.3 to −8.5) | −17.1 (−22.9 to −11.3) | 2.7 (−5.6 to 11.1) | .52 |
| Month 12 | −14.2 (−20.6 to −7.7) | −11.6 (−17.5 to −5.7) | −2.6 (−11.4 to 6.2) | .56 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | ||||
| Month 6 | −5.3 (−8.6 to −2.0) | −7.2 (−10.4 to −4.0) | 1.9 (−2.6 to 6.5) | .40 |
| Month 12 | −5.4 (−9.0 to −1.8) | −6.1 (−9.4 to −2.9) | 0.7 (−4.1 to 5.6) | .76 |
| γ-Glutamyltransferase, U/L | ||||
| Month 6 | −11.7 (−16.9 to −6.4) | −14.9 (−20.1 to −9.8) | 3.3 (−4.1 to 10.6) | .38 |
| Month 12 | −11.3 (−16.8 to −5.7) | −13.5 (−18.7 to −8.3) | 2.2 (−5.4 to 9.9) | .56 |
Abbreviations: DCR, daily calorie restriction; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (calculated as insulin × glucose/405, where the unit of measure for insulin is in microinternational units per milliliter and the unit of measure for glucose is milligrams per deciliter); LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TRE, time-restricted eating.
SI conversion factors: To convert alanine aminotransferase to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167; aspartate aminotransferase to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167; γ-glutamyltransferase to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167; glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C, and total) to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; and triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113.
For the between-group difference at month 6 and at month 12 from linear mixed models that included diet, time, and diet × time interaction terms.