Table. Studies Included in the Systemic Review and Meta-analysis.
| Source | Study location | Study design | Age, y | Duration of diabetes, y | Prevalence of DR, No. (%) | Sample size | Diabetic retinopathy classification: No. (%) of participants | Method of assessment | Definition | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis of T2D | Study enrollment | |||||||||
| Eppens et al,42 2006 | Western Pacific | Cross-sectional | Median (IQR), 12.0 (10.7 to 13.5)a | Median (IQR), 14.9 (13.2 to 16.4)a | Median (IQR), 2.3 (1.4 to 3.6)a | 2 (0.6) | 284 | NR | NR | NR |
| Farah et al,43 2006 | US | Cross-sectional | <21.0 | Range, 10.0 to 21.0a | Median (range), 1.8 (<2.0 to 15.0)a | 1 (2.5) | 40 | Minimal NPDR: 1 (2.5) | Fundoscopy | Modified Airlie House |
| Unnikrishnan et al,44 2008 | India | Cross-sectional | Mean (SD), 16.2 (2.9) | Mean (SD), 18.9 (4.9) | NR | 0 | 36 | NR | Fundoscopy | Background or proliferative retinopathy |
| Aulich et al,45 2019 | Australia | Cross-sectional | NR | Mean (SD), 15.1 (1.9)a | Median (IQR), 1.8 (0.3 to 3.3)a | 2 (6.7) | 30 | NR | 7-Field stereoscopic fundus photography | ETDRS |
| Khalil et al,46 2019 | Egypt | Cross-sectional | Mean (SD), 18.0 (2.0) | Mean (SD), 19.8 (1.1) | Mean (SD), 2.5 (2.0) | 0 | 13 | NR | Fundoscopy | Normal fundus, nonproliferative retinopathy, or proliferative retinopathy |
| Ferm et al,47 2021 | US | Cross-sectional | NR | NR | NR | 13 (3.1) | 416 | NR | Nonmydriatic fundus photography | NR |
| Scott et al,48 2006 | New Zealand | Retrospective cohort | NR | Mean (SD), 20.0 (0.4) | Mean (SD), 3.0 (0.3) | 8 (7.6) | 105 | Mild to moderate NPDR: 4 (3.8); severe NPDR, PDR, or macular edema: 4 (3.8) | Either fundoscopy or fundus photography (type NR) | NR |
| Lee et al,49 2007 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | NR | NR | NR | 10 (27.8) | 36 | NR | NR | NR |
| Osman et al,50 2013 | Sudan | Retrospective cohort | <10 y: 3 participants; 11 to 18 y: 35 participants | NR | NR | 0 | 38 | NR | NR | Medical records |
| Dart et al,51 2014 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Mean (SD), 13.5 (2.2) | Mean (SD), 16.5 (2.3) | Median (range), 4.4 (0 to 27.4) | 40 (11.7) | 342 | NR | NR | Medical records |
| Geloneck et al,52 2015 | US | Retrospective cohort | Mean (SD), 11.8 (2.7) | Mean (SD), 14.5 (2.1) | Mean (SD), 2.8 (2.3) | 0 | 32 | NR | Fundoscopy | Medical records |
| Newton et al,53 2015b | New Zealand | Retrospective cohort | Range, 6.5 to 17.0c | <17.0 | 0 | 1 (4.3) | 23 | NR | NR | Medical records |
| Wang et al,54 2017 | US | Retrospective cohort | Median (IQR), 18.0 (16.0 to 21.0) | NR | Median (IQR), 3.1 (1.9 to 4.9) | 127 (7.2) | 1768 | NPDR: 6 (0.3); PDR: 1 (0.1); unspecified: 120 (6.8) | NR | Medical records |
| Yeh and Bernardo,55 2017b | US | Retrospective cohort | Mean, 13.8 | NR | NR | 1 (7.1) | 14 | NR | Fundoscopy | Medical records |
| Koziol et al,56 2020 | Poland | Retrospective cohort | NR | <18.0 | NR | 79 (1.8) | 4291 | NR | NR | Medical records |
| Ek et al,57 2020 | Sweden | Retrospective cohort | Mean (SD), 15.0 (1.9)a | Mean (SD), 22.2 (3.7) | Mean (SD), 6.7 (2.8) | 32 (31.1) | 103 | NR | Fundus photography (type NR) | NR |
| Porter et al,58 2020 | US | Retrospective cohort | Mean (SD), 17.0 (3.0) | Mean (SD), 18.1 (2.6) | Mean (SD), 1.1 (1.3) | 3 (6.0) | 50 | Mild NPDR: 3 (6.0) | NR | ETDRS |
| Amutha et al,59 2021 | India | Retrospective cohort | Mean (SD), 16.6 ( 2.5)a | Mean (SD), 23.2 ( 9.7)a | Median (IQR), 5.7 (NR to NR)a | 118 (27.5) | 429 | NR | Both fundoscopy (for initial screening) and 7-field stereoscopic fundus photography (for confirmation) | ETDRS |
| Bai et al,60 2022 | US | Retrospective cohort | Mean (SD), 17.3 (3.4) | <22.0 | Range, 0 to 15.0 | 17 (26.6) | 64 | NPDR: 11 (64.7); PDR: 4 (6.3); macular edema: 2 (3.2) | NR | Medical records |
| Eppens et al,12 2006 | Australia | Prospective cohort | Median (IQR), 13.2 (11.6 to 15.0)a | Median (IQR), 15.3 (13.6 to 16.4)a | Median (IQR), 1.3 (0.6 to 3.1)a | 1 (4.0) | 25 | NR | 7-Field stereoscopic fundus photography | Modified Airlie House |
| Shield et al,61 2009 | Ireland; UK | Prospective cohort | Median (IQR), 13.6 (9.9 to 16.8)a | Median (IQR), 14.5 (10.8 to 17.8)a | Median, 1.0a | 0 | 55 | NR | NR | NR |
| Ruhayel et al,62 2010 | Australia | Prospective cohort | Mean (SD), 11.6 (1.9)a | Mean (SD), 16.8 (1.7)a | Mean (SD), 5.2 (2.0)a | 4 (25.0) | 16 | NPDR: 4 (25.0); 3 with unilateral hard exudates and 1 with dot hemorrhages | NR | Medical records |
| Jefferies et al,63 2012 | New Zealand | Prospective cohort | Median (IQR), 12.9 (7.1 to 15.5) | NR | NR | 0 | 52 | NR | NR | NR |
| Schmidt et al,64 2012 | Austria; Germany | Prospective cohort | Mean (SD), 13.5 (3.4) | Mean (SD), 15.3 (3.0) | NR | 12 (1.8) | 684 | NR | NR | NR |
| Jensen et al,66 2021b | US | Prospective cohort | <20.0 | NR | Mean (SD), 7.5 (2.1) | 140 (31.3) | 447 | NR | Fundus photography (type NR) | NR |
| Mean (SD), 12.4 (2.1) | 126 (55.0) | 229 | Mild NPDR: 91 (39.7); moderate NPDR: 26 (11.4); PDR: 9 (4.0) | |||||||
| Preechasuk et al,67 2022 | Thailand | Prospective cohort | Mean (SD), 16.9 (6.4) | Mean (SD), 23.4 (8.5) | Median (IQR), 5.2 (1.6-9.4) | 8 (9.0) | 89 | Mild to moderate NPDR: 4 (4.5); severe NPDR: 4 (4.5) | NR | Presence of any severity of DR, macular edema, vitreous hemorrhage, or tractional retinal detachment |
| TODAY Study Group,68 2013 | US | Prospective cohort | NR | Mean (SD), 18.1 (2.5) | Mean (SD), 4.9 (1.5) | 71 (13.7) | 517 | Minimal NPDR: 64 (12.3); mild NPDR: 7 (1.4) | 7-Field stereoscopic fundus photography | ETDRS |
| TODAY Study Group,65 2021 | US | Prospective cohort | NR | Mean (SD), 25.4 (2.5) | Mean (SD), 12.0 (1.5) | 210 (50.0) | 420 | Minimal NPDR: 95 (22.6); mild NPDR: 68 (16.2); moderate NPDR: 16 (3.8); moderately severe NPDR: 3 (0.7); severe NPDR: 5 (1.2); early or stable, treated PDR: 10 (2.4); high-risk PDR: 5 (1.2); macular edema: 14 (3.3) | 7-Field stereoscopic fundus photography | ETDRS |
| Zuckerman Levin et al,69 2022 | Israel | Prospective cohort | Mean (SD), 14.7 (1.9) | Mean (SD), 14.7 (1.9) | At presentation: 0 | At presentation: 4 (1.9) | At presentation: 216 | NR | NR | Progressive retinal changes (nonproliferative or proliferative) |
| At follow-up: mean (SD), 2.9 (2.1) | At follow-up: 5 (4.6) | At follow-up: 108 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; NR, not reported; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a
Represents value for whole cohort in study, not just patients screened for retinopathy.
b
Abstract only.
c
In this abstract, there was 1 participant with Prader-Willi syndrome who was diagnosed with T2D at age 6.5 years.