Figure 1. Summary of donepezil effects on Alzheimer's disease and immune system. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; APP, amyloid precursor protein; Aβ, amyloid-beta; AChE-R, acetylcholinesterase read-through isoform; AChE-S, acetylcholinesterase synaptic isoform; NF-KB, nuclear factor-kappa B; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Sig., signaling; PI3K/Akt pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B pathway; Rec, receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CAP, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway; Ach, acetylcholine; α7nAChR, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; Sigma 1R sig., sigma-1 receptor signaling; ER-stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress; PBLs, peripheral blood leukocytes.
