Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of beneficiaries with heart failure during the period April 2020 to August 2021
| Total HF population (N = 14,044) | HF population with COVID-19 (n = 1490) | HF population without COVID-19 (n = 12,554) | Chi-square test p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.8376 | |||
| Male | 8781 (62.52) | 928 (62.28) | 7853 (62.55) | |
| Female | 5263 (37.48) | 562 (37.72) | 4701 (37.45) | |
| Age group (y) | < 0.0001 | |||
| 18–24 | 629 (4.48) | 102 (6.85) | 527 (4.20) | |
| 25–34 | 898 (6.39) | 130 (8.72) | 768 (6.12) | |
| 35–44 | 1384 (9.85) | 185 (12.42) | 1199 (9.55) | |
| 45–54 | 2871 (20.44) | 324 (21.74) | 2547 (20.29) | |
| 55–64 | 8262 (58.83) | 749 (50.27) | 7513 (59.85) | |
| Race | 0.0014, 0.0025a | |||
| White | 6083 (43.31) | 630 (42.28) | 5453 (43.44) | |
| Black | 3028 (21.56) | 278 (18.66) | 2750 (21.91) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 409 (2.91) | 43 (2.89) | 366 (2.92) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 77 (0.55) | 11 (0.74) | 66 (0.53) | |
| Other | 760 (5.41) | 106 (7.11) | 654 (5.21) | |
| Missing | 3687 (26.25) | 422 (28.32) | 3265 (26.01) | |
| Beneficiary status | < 0.0001, < 0.0001a | |||
| Active duty | 1506 (10.72) | 230 (15.44) | 1276 (10.16) | |
| Dependent of other | 4431 (31.55) | 475 (31.88) | 3956 (31.51) | |
| Dependent of active duty | 986 (7.02) | 110 (7.38) | 876 (6.98) | |
| Retiree | 7092 (50.50) | 672 (45.10) | 6420 (51.14) | |
| Missing | 29 (0.21) | ** | ** | |
| Service/sponsor’s service | 0.6638 | |||
| Army | 5479 (39.01) | 576 (38.66) | 4903 (39.06) | |
| Air Force | 4069 (28.97) | 455 (30.54) | 3614 (28.79) | |
| Navy | 3308 (23.55) | 336 (10.16) | 2972 (23.67) | |
| Marine corps | 862 (6.14) | 91 (6.11) | 771 (6.14) | |
| Other | 326 (2.32) | 32 (2.15) | 294 (2.34) | |
| Rank/sponsor’s rank | 0.0004 | |||
| Junior enlisted | 750 (5.34) | 107 (7.18) | 643 (5.12) | |
| Senior enlisted | 10256 (73.03) | 1112 (74.63) | 9144 (72.84) | |
| Junior officer | 288 (2.05) | 53 (3.56) | 564 (4.49) | |
| Senior officer | 1414 (10.07) | 124 (8.32) | 1290 (10.28) | |
| Other | 1007 (7.17) | 94 (6.31) | 913 (7.27) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | < 0.0001 | |||
| No score | 839 (5.97) | 158 (10.60) | 681 (5.42) | |
| Mild (1–2) | 9775 (69.60) | 949 (63.69) | 8826 (70.30) | |
| Moderate (3–4) | 2473 (17.61) | 271 (18.19) | 2202 (17.54) | |
| Severe (≥5) | 957 (6.81) | 112 (7.52) | 845 (6.73) | |
| Receipt of select prescriptions | ||||
| Digoxin | 496 (3.53) | 51 (3.42) | 445 (3.54) | 0.8096 |
| β-Blockers | 9367 (66.70) | 895 (60.07) | 8472 (67.48) | < 0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 4336 (30.87) | 445 (29.87) | 3891 (30.99) | 0.3727 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 3351 (23.86) | 329 (22.08) | 3022 (24.07) | 0.0882 |
| Admission for HF, COVID-19 or related condition | 3805 (27.09) | 668 (44.83) | 3137 (24.99) | < 0.0001 |
| COVID-19–related conditions | ||||
| Contact with and (suspected) exposure to COVID-19 | 3875 (27.59) | 566 (37.99) | 3309 (26.36) | < 0.0001 |
| Personal history of COVID-19 | 643 (4.58) | 455 (30.54) | 188 (1.50) | < 0.0001 |
| Multisystem inflammatory syndrome | ** | ** | ** | < 0.0001 |
| Other specified systemic involvement of connective tissue | ** | ** | ** | 0.3986 |
| Pneumonia due to COVID-19 | 366 (2.61) | ** | ** | < 0.0001 |
| COVID-19 screening encounter | 499 (3.55) | 85 (5.70) | 414 (3.30) | < 0.0001 |
| Died during study period | 273 (1.94) | 49 (3.29) | 224 (1.78) | < 0.0001 |
Data presented as n (col %)
HF heart failure
** Censored to protect patient anonymity due to small cell counts
ap value with missing values removed